STXMImage

class Stoner.HDF5.STXMImage(*args)[source]

Bases: ImageFile

An instance of KerrArray that will load itself from a Swiss Light Source STXM image.

Attributes Summary

CCW

Clone the image and then rotate the imaage 90 degrees counter clockwise.

CW

Clone the image and then rotate the imaage 90 degrees clockwise.

LineSelect

Stoner__Image__widgets__LineSelect

Stoner__core__base__metadataObject

T

aspect

Return the aspect ratio (width/height) of the image.

base

Pass thrpough for base

baseclass

Class of the underlying data (read-only).

centre

Return the coordinates of the centre of the image.

clone

Make a copy of this ImageFile.

ctypes

Pass thrpough for ctypes

data

].

debug

Pass thrpough for debug

draw

Access the DrawProxy object for accessing the skimage draw sub module.

dtype

filename

Pass thrpough for filename

fill_value

The filling value of the masked array is a scalar.

flags

Pass thrpough for flags

flat

Return the numpy.ndarray.flat rather than a MaskedIterator.

flip_h

Clone the image and then mirror the image horizontally.

flip_v

Clone the image and then mirror the image vertically.

fmts

Pass thrpough for fmts

hardmask

Specifies whether values can be unmasked through assignments.

imag

The imaginary part of the masked array.

image

Access the image data.

itemsize

Pass thrpough for itemsize

mask

Get the mask of the underlying IamgeArray.

max_box

Return the maximum coordinate extent (xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax).

metadata

Read the metadata dictionary.

metadataObject

mime_type

nbytes

Pass thrpough for nbytes

ndim

Pass thrpough for ndim

polarization

Return the sign of the polarization used for the image.

priority

real

The real part of the masked array.

recordmask

Get or set the mask of the array if it has no named fields.

shape

sharedmask

Share status of the mask (read-only).

size

Pass thrpough for size

strides

Pass thrpough for strides

title

Get a title for this image.

Methods Summary

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__adjust_contrast([...])

Rescale the intensity of the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__align(ref[, method])

Use one of a variety of algroithms to align two images.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__asarray()

Provide a consistent way to get at the underlying array data in both ImageArray and ImageFile objects.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__asfloat([...])

Return the image converted to floating point type.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__asint([dtype])

Convert the image to unsigned integer format.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__clip_intensity([...])

Clip intensity outside the range -1,1 or 0,1.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__clip_neg()

Clip negative pixels to 0.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__convert(dtype[, ...])

Convert an image to the requested data-type.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__correct_drift(...)

Align images to correct for image drift.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__crop(*args, **kargs)

Crop the image according to a box.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__denoise([weight])

Rename the skimage restore function.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__do_nothing()

Nulop function for testing the integration into ImageArray.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__dtype_limits([...])

Return intensity limits, i.e. (min, max) tuple, of the image's dtype.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__fft([shift, ...])

Perform a 2d fft of the image and shift the result to get zero frequency in the centre.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__filter_image([sigma])

Alias for skimage.filters.gaussian.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__gridimage([...])

Use scipy.interpolate.griddata() to shift the image to a regular grid of coordinates.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__hist(*args, **kargs)

Pass through to matplotlib.pyplot.hist() function.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__imshow(**kwargs)

Quickly plot of image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__level_image([...])

Subtract a polynomial background from image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__normalise([...])

Norm alise the data to a fixed scale.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__plot_histogram([bins])

Plot the histogram and cumulative distribution for the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__profile_line([...])

Wrap sckit-image method of the same name to get a line_profile.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__quantize(output)

Quantise the image data into fixed levels given by a mapping.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__radial_coordinates([...])

Rerurn a map of the radial coordinates of an image from a given centre, with adjustments for pixel size.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__radial_profile([...])

Extract a radial profile line from an image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__remove_outliers([...])

Find values of the data that are beyond a percentile of the overall distribution and replace them.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__rotate(angle[, ...])

Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save([filename])

Save the image into the file 'filename'.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save_npy(filename)

Save the ImageArray as a numpy array.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save_png(filename)

Save the ImageArray with metadata in a png file.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save_tiff(filename)

Save the ImageArray as a tiff image with metadata.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__sgolay2d([...])

Implements a 2D Savitsky Golay Filter for a 2D array (e.g.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__span()

Return the minimum and maximum values in the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__subtract_image(...)

Subtract a background image from the ImageArray.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__threshold_minmax([...])

Return a boolean array which is thresholded between threshmin and threshmax.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__translate(translation)

Translate the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__translate_limits(...)

Find the limits of an image after a translation.

Stoner__Image__util__im_scale(n, m, ...[, copy])

Scaleunsigned/positive integers from n to m bits.

Stoner__Image__util__prec_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over precision loss when converting image.

Stoner__Image__util__sign_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over loss of sign information when converting image.

Stoner__compat__get_filedialog(**opts)

Wrap around Tk file dialog to manage creating file dialogs in a cross platform way.

Stoner__plot__utils__auto_fit_fontsize(...)

Resale the font size of a matplotlib text object to fit within a box.

Stoner__tools__decorators__changes_size()

Mark a function as one that changes the size of the ImageArray.

Stoner__tools__decorators__keep_return_type()

Mark a function as one that Should not be converted from an array to an ImageFile.

Stoner__tools__decorators__make_Data(**kargs)

Return an instance of Stoner.Data or Stoner.ImageFile passig through constructor arguments.

Stoner__tools__tests__isTuple(*args[, strict])

Determine if obj is a tuple of a certain signature.

Stoner__tools__tests__isiterable()

Chack to see if a value is iterable.

adjust_contrast([lims, percent])

Rescale the intensity of the image.

align(ref[, method])

Use one of a variety of algroithms to align two images.

all([axis, out, keepdims])

Returns True if all elements evaluate to True.

anom([axis, dtype])

Compute the anomalies (deviations from the arithmetic mean) along the given axis.

any([axis, out, keepdims])

Returns True if any of the elements of a evaluate to True.

argmax([axis, fill_value, out, keepdims])

Returns array of indices of the maximum values along the given axis.

argmin([axis, fill_value, out, keepdims])

Return array of indices to the minimum values along the given axis.

argpartition(*args, **kwargs)

argsort([axis, kind, order, endwith, fill_value])

Return an ndarray of indices that sort the array along the specified axis.

asarray()

Provide a consistent way to get at the underlying array data in both ImageArray and ImageFile objects.

asfloat([normalise, clip, clip_negative])

Return the image converted to floating point type.

asint([dtype])

Convert the image to unsigned integer format.

astype(dtype[, order, casting, subok, copy])

Copy of the array, cast to a specified type.

auto_fit_fontsize(width, height[, ...])

Resale the font size of a matplotlib text object to fit within a box.

byteswap([inplace])

Swap the bytes of the array elements

changes_size()

Mark a function as one that changes the size of the ImageArray.

choose(choices[, out, mode])

Use an index array to construct a new array from a set of choices.

clear()

clip([min, max, out])

Return an array whose values are limited to [min, max].

clip_intensity([clip_negative, limits])

Clip intensity outside the range -1,1 or 0,1.

clip_neg()

Clip negative pixels to 0.

compress(condition[, axis, out])

Return a where condition is True.

compressed()

Return all the non-masked data as a 1-D array.

conj()

Complex-conjugate all elements.

conjugate()

Return the complex conjugate, element-wise.

convert(dtype[, force_copy, uniform, normalise])

Convert an image to the requested data-type.

copy([order])

Return a copy of the array.

correct_drift(ref, **kargs)

Align images to correct for image drift.

count([axis, keepdims])

Count the non-masked elements of the array along the given axis.

crop(*args, **kargs)

Crop the image according to a box.

cumprod([axis, dtype, out])

Return the cumulative product of the array elements over the given axis.

cumsum([axis, dtype, out])

Return the cumulative sum of the array elements over the given axis.

denoise([weight])

Rename the skimage restore function.

diagonal([offset, axis1, axis2])

Return specified diagonals.

do_nothing()

Nulop function for testing the integration into ImageArray.

dot(b[, out])

Masked dot product of two arrays.

dtype_limits([clip_negative])

Return intensity limits, i.e. (min, max) tuple, of the image's dtype.

dump(file)

Dump a pickle of the array to the specified file.

dumps()

Returns the pickle of the array as a string.

fft([shift, phase, remove_dc, gaussian, window])

Perform a 2d fft of the image and shift the result to get zero frequency in the centre.

fill(value)

Fill the array with a scalar value.

filled([fill_value])

Return a copy of self, with masked values filled with a given value.

filter_image([sigma])

Alias for skimage.filters.gaussian.

flatten([order])

Return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.

gaussian_filter(sigma[, order, output, ...])

Multidimensional Gaussian filter.

get(k[,d])

get_filedialog(**opts)

Wrap around Tk file dialog to manage creating file dialogs in a cross platform way.

get_filename(mode)

Force the user to choose a new filename using a system dialog box.

get_fill_value()

The filling value of the masked array is a scalar.

get_imag()

The imaginary part of the masked array.

get_real()

The real part of the masked array.

getfield(dtype[, offset])

Returns a field of the given array as a certain type.

griddata(values, xi[, method, fill_value, ...])

Interpolate unstructured D-D data.

gridimage([points, xi, method, fill_value, ...])

Use scipy.interpolate.griddata() to shift the image to a regular grid of coordinates.

harden_mask()

Force the mask to hard, preventing unmasking by assignment.

hist(*args, **kargs)

Pass through to matplotlib.pyplot.hist() function.

ids()

Return the addresses of the data and mask areas.

im_scale(n, m, dtypeobj_in, dtypeobj[, copy])

Scaleunsigned/positive integers from n to m bits.

imshow(**kwargs)

Quickly plot of image.

isTuple(*args[, strict])

Determine if obj is a tuple of a certain signature.

iscontiguous()

Return a boolean indicating whether the data is contiguous.

isiterable()

Chack to see if a value is iterable.

item(*args)

Copy an element of an array to a standard Python scalar and return it.

items()

Make sure we implement an items that doesn't just iterate over self.

itemset(*args)

Insert scalar into an array (scalar is cast to array's dtype, if possible)

keep_return_type()

Mark a function as one that Should not be converted from an array to an ImageFile.

keys()

Return the keys of the metadata dictionary.

level_image([poly_vert, poly_horiz, box, ...])

Subtract a polynomial background from image.

load(*args, **kargs)

Create a ImageFile from file abnd guessing a better subclass if necessary.

make_Data(**kargs)

Return an instance of Stoner.Data or Stoner.ImageFile passig through constructor arguments.

max([axis, out, fill_value, keepdims])

Return the maximum along a given axis.

mean([axis, dtype, out, keepdims])

Returns the average of the array elements along given axis.

min([axis, out, fill_value, keepdims])

Return the minimum along a given axis.

newbyteorder([new_order])

Return the array with the same data viewed with a different byte order.

nonzero()

Return the indices of unmasked elements that are not zero.

normalise([scale, sample, limits, scale_masked])

Norm alise the data to a fixed scale.

partition(*args, **kwargs)

plot_histogram([bins])

Plot the histogram and cumulative distribution for the image.

pop(k[,d])

If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

popitem()

as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

prec_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over precision loss when converting image.

prod([axis, dtype, out, keepdims])

Return the product of the array elements over the given axis.

product([axis, dtype, out, keepdims])

Return the product of the array elements over the given axis.

profile_line([src, dst, linewidth, order, ...])

Wrap sckit-image method of the same name to get a line_profile.

ptp([axis, out, fill_value, keepdims])

Return (maximum - minimum) along the given dimension (i.e.

put(indices, values[, mode])

Set storage-indexed locations to corresponding values.

quantize(output[, levels])

Quantise the image data into fixed levels given by a mapping.

radial_coordinates([centre, pixel_size, angle])

Rerurn a map of the radial coordinates of an image from a given centre, with adjustments for pixel size.

radial_profile([angle, r, centre, pixel_size])

Extract a radial profile line from an image.

ravel([order])

Returns a 1D version of self, as a view.

remove_outliers([percentiles, replace])

Find values of the data that are beyond a percentile of the overall distribution and replace them.

repeat(repeats[, axis])

Repeat elements of an array.

reshape(*s, **kwargs)

Give a new shape to the array without changing its data.

resize(newshape[, refcheck, order])

rotate(angle[, resize, center, order, mode, ...])

Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.

round([decimals, out])

Return each element rounded to the given number of decimals.

save([filename])

Save the image into the file 'filename'.

save_npy(filename)

Save the ImageArray as a numpy array.

save_png(filename)

Save the ImageArray with metadata in a png file.

save_tiff(filename[, forcetype])

Save the ImageArray as a tiff image with metadata.

scipy__interpolate___ndgriddata__griddata(...)

Interpolate unstructured D-D data.

scipy__ndimage___filters__gaussian_filter(sigma)

Multidimensional Gaussian filter.

searchsorted(v[, side, sorter])

Find indices where elements of v should be inserted in a to maintain order.

set_fill_value([value])

setdefault(k[,d])

setfield(val, dtype[, offset])

Put a value into a specified place in a field defined by a data-type.

setflags([write, align, uic])

Set array flags WRITEABLE, ALIGNED, WRITEBACKIFCOPY, respectively.

sgolay2d([points, poly, derivative])

Implements a 2D Savitsky Golay Filter for a 2D array (e.g.

shrink_mask()

Reduce a mask to nomask when possible.

sign_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over loss of sign information when converting image.

soften_mask()

Force the mask to soft (default), allowing unmasking by assignment.

sort([axis, kind, order, endwith, fill_value])

Sort the array, in-place

span()

Return the minimum and maximum values in the image.

squeeze([axis])

Remove axes of length one from a.

std([axis, dtype, out, ddof, keepdims])

Returns the standard deviation of the array elements along given axis.

subtract_image(background[, contrast, clip, ...])

Subtract a background image from the ImageArray.

sum([axis, dtype, out, keepdims])

Return the sum of the array elements over the given axis.

swapaxes(axis1, axis2)

Return a view of the array with axis1 and axis2 interchanged.

take(indices[, axis, out, mode])

threshold_minmax([threshmin, threshmax])

Return a boolean array which is thresholded between threshmin and threshmax.

tobytes([fill_value, order])

Return the array data as a string containing the raw bytes in the array.

tofile(fid[, sep, format])

Save a masked array to a file in binary format.

toflex()

Transforms a masked array into a flexible-type array.

tolist([fill_value])

Return the data portion of the masked array as a hierarchical Python list.

torecords()

Transforms a masked array into a flexible-type array.

tostring([fill_value, order])

A compatibility alias for tobytes, with exactly the same behavior.

trace([offset, axis1, axis2, dtype, out])

Return the sum along diagonals of the array.

translate(translation[, add_metadata, ...])

Translate the image.

translate_limits(translation[, reverse])

Find the limits of an image after a translation.

transpose(*axes)

Returns a view of the array with axes transposed.

unshare_mask()

Copy the mask and set the sharedmask flag to False.

update([E, ]**F)

If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v

values()

Return the values of the metadata dictionary.

var([axis, dtype, out, ddof, keepdims])

Compute the variance along the specified axis.

view([dtype, type, fill_value])

Return a view of the MaskedArray data.

Attributes Documentation

CCW

Clone the image and then rotate the imaage 90 degrees counter clockwise.

CW

Clone the image and then rotate the imaage 90 degrees clockwise.

LineSelect = <function LineSelect>
Stoner__Image__widgets__LineSelect = <function LineSelect>
Stoner__core__base__metadataObject = <function metadataObject>
T
aspect

Return the aspect ratio (width/height) of the image.

base

Pass thrpough for base

baseclass

Class of the underlying data (read-only).

centre

Return the coordinates of the centre of the image.

clone

Make a copy of this ImageFile.

ctypes

Pass thrpough for ctypes

data

]. Equivalence to Stoner.data behaviour.

Type:

Alias for image[

debug

Pass thrpough for debug

draw

Access the DrawProxy object for accessing the skimage draw sub module.

dtype
filename

Pass thrpough for filename

fill_value

The filling value of the masked array is a scalar. When setting, None will set to a default based on the data type.

>>> for dt in [np.int32, np.int64, np.float64, np.complex128]:
...     np.ma.array([0, 1], dtype=dt).get_fill_value()
...
999999
999999
1e+20
(1e+20+0j)
>>> x = np.ma.array([0, 1.], fill_value=-np.inf)
>>> x.fill_value
-inf
>>> x.fill_value = np.pi
>>> x.fill_value
3.1415926535897931 # may vary

Reset to default:

>>> x.fill_value = None
>>> x.fill_value
1e+20
flags

Pass thrpough for flags

flat

Return the numpy.ndarray.flat rather than a MaskedIterator.

flip_h

Clone the image and then mirror the image horizontally.

flip_v

Clone the image and then mirror the image vertically.

fmts

Pass thrpough for fmts

hardmask

Specifies whether values can be unmasked through assignments.

By default, assigning definite values to masked array entries will unmask them. When hardmask is True, the mask will not change through assignments.

ma.MaskedArray.harden_mask ma.MaskedArray.soften_mask

>>> x = np.arange(10)
>>> m = np.ma.masked_array(x, x>5)
>>> assert not m.hardmask

Since m has a soft mask, assigning an element value unmasks that element:

>>> m[8] = 42
>>> m
masked_array(data=[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, --, --, 42, --],
             mask=[False, False, False, False, False, False,
                   True, True, False, True],
       fill_value=999999)

After hardening, the mask is not affected by assignments:

>>> hardened = np.ma.harden_mask(m)
>>> assert m.hardmask and hardened is m
>>> m[:] = 23
>>> m
masked_array(data=[23, 23, 23, 23, 23, 23, --, --, 23, --],
             mask=[False, False, False, False, False, False,
                   True, True, False, True],
       fill_value=999999)
imag

The imaginary part of the masked array.

This property is a view on the imaginary part of this MaskedArray.

real

>>> x = np.ma.array([1+1.j, -2j, 3.45+1.6j], mask=[False, True, False])
>>> x.imag
masked_array(data=[1.0, --, 1.6],
             mask=[False,  True, False],
       fill_value=1e+20)
image

Access the image data.

itemsize

Pass thrpough for itemsize

mask

Get the mask of the underlying IamgeArray.

max_box

Return the maximum coordinate extent (xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax).

metadata

Read the metadata dictionary.

metadataObject = <function metadataObject>
mime_type = ['application/x-hdf', 'application/x-hdf5']
nbytes

Pass thrpough for nbytes

ndim

Pass thrpough for ndim

polarization

Return the sign of the polarization used for the image.

Returns:

+1,-1 or 0 for positive, negative or unpolariused light used for the image.

priority = 16
real

The real part of the masked array.

This property is a view on the real part of this MaskedArray.

imag

>>> x = np.ma.array([1+1.j, -2j, 3.45+1.6j], mask=[False, True, False])
>>> x.real
masked_array(data=[1.0, --, 3.45],
             mask=[False,  True, False],
       fill_value=1e+20)
recordmask

Get or set the mask of the array if it has no named fields. For structured arrays, returns a ndarray of booleans where entries are True if all the fields are masked, False otherwise:

>>> x = np.ma.array([(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)],
...         mask=[(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1), (0, 0)],
...        dtype=[('a', int), ('b', int)])
>>> x.recordmask
array([False, False,  True, False, False])
shape
sharedmask

Share status of the mask (read-only).

size

Pass thrpough for size

strides

Pass thrpough for strides

title

Get a title for this image.

Methods Documentation

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__adjust_contrast(lims=(0.1, 0.9), percent=True)

Rescale the intensity of the image.

Mostly a call through to skimage.exposure.rescale_intensity. The absolute limits of contrast are added to the metadata as ‘adjust_contrast’

lims: 2-tuple

limits of rescaling the intensity

percent: bool

if True then lims are the give the percentile of the image intensity histogram, otherwise lims are absolute

image: ImageArray

rescaled image

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__align(ref, method='scharr', **kargs)

Use one of a variety of algroithms to align two images.

Parameters:
  • im (ndarray)

  • ref (ndarray)

Keyword Arguments:
  • method (str or None) – If given specifies which module to try and use. Options: ‘scharr’, ‘chi2_shift’, ‘imreg_dft’, ‘cv2’

  • _box (integer, float, tuple of images or floats) – Used with ImageArray.crop to select a subset of the image to use for the aligning process.

  • scale (int) – Rescale the image and reference image by constant factor before finding the translation vector.

  • prefilter (callable) – A method to apply to the image before carrying out the translation to the align to the reference.

  • **kargs (various) – All other keyword arguments are passed to the specific algorithm.

Returns

(ImageArray or ndarray) aligned image

Notes

Currently three algorithms are supported:
  • image_registration module’s chi^2 shift: This uses a dft with an automatic up-sampling of the fourier transform for sub-pixel alignment. The metadata key chi2_shift contains the translation vector and errors.

  • imreg_dft module’s similarity function. This implements a full scale, rotation, translation algorithm (by default constrained for just translation). It’s unclear how much sub-pixel translation is accommodated.

  • cv2 module based affine transform on a gray scale image. from: http://www.learnopencv.com/image-alignment-ecc-in-opencv-c-python/

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__asarray()

Provide a consistent way to get at the underlying array data in both ImageArray and ImageFile objects.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__asfloat(normalise=True, clip=False, clip_negative=False)

Return the image converted to floating point type.

If currently an int type and normalise then floats will be normalised to the maximum allowed value of the int type. If currently a float type then no change occurs. If clip then clip values outside the range -1,1 If clip_negative then further clip values to range 0,1

Keyword Arguments:
  • normalise (bool) – normalise the image to the max value of current int type

  • clip_negative (bool) – clip negative intensity to 0

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__asint(dtype=<class 'numpy.uint16'>)

Convert the image to unsigned integer format.

May raise warnings about loss of precision.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__clip_intensity(clip_negative=False, limits=None)

Clip intensity outside the range -1,1 or 0,1.

Keyword Arguments:
  • clip_negative (bool) – if True clip to range 0,1 else range -1,1

  • limits (low,high) – Clip the intensity between low and high rather than zero and 1.

Ensure data range is -1 to 1 or 0 to 1 if clip_negative is True.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__clip_neg()

Clip negative pixels to 0.

Most useful for float where pixels above 1 are reduced to 1.0 and -ve pixels are changed to 0.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__convert(dtype, force_copy=False, uniform=False, normalise=True)

Convert an image to the requested data-type.

Warnings are issued in case of precision loss, or when negative values are clipped during conversion to unsigned integer types (sign loss).

Floating point values are expected to be normalized and will be clipped to the range [0.0, 1.0] or [-1.0, 1.0] when converting to unsigned or signed integers respectively.

Numbers are not shifted to the negative side when converting from unsigned to signed integer types. Negative values will be clipped when converting to unsigned integers.

imagendarray

Input image.

dtypedtype

Target data-type.

force_copybool

Force a copy of the data, irrespective of its current dtype.

uniformbool

Uniformly quantize the floating point range to the integer range. By default (uniform=False) floating point values are scaled and rounded to the nearest integers, which minimizes back and forth conversion errors.

normalisebool

When converting from int types to float normalise the resulting array by the maximum allowed value of the int type.

  1. DirectX data conversion rules. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd607323%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

  2. Data Conversions. In “OpenGL ES 2.0 Specification v2.0.25”, pp 7-8. Khronos Group, 2010.

  3. Proper treatment of pixels as integers. A.W. Path. In “Graphics Gems I”, pp 249-256. Morgan Kaufmann, 1990.

  4. Dirty Pixels. J. Blinn. In “Jim Blinn’s corner: Dirty Pixels”, pp 47-57. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__correct_drift(ref, **kargs)

Align images to correct for image drift.

Parameters:

ref (ImageArray) – Reference image with assumed zero drift

Keyword Arguments:
  • threshold (float) – threshold for detecting imperfections in images (see skimage.feature.corner_fast for details)

  • upsample_factor (float) – the resolution for the shift 1/upsample_factor pixels registered. see skimage.feature.register_translation for more details

  • box (sequence of 4 ints) – defines a region of the image to use for identifyign the drift defaults to the whol image. Use this to avoid drift calculations being confused by the scale bar/annotation region.

  • do_shift (bool) – Shift the image, or just calculate the drift and store in metadata (default True, shit)

Returns:

A shifted image with the image shift added to the metadata as ‘correct drift’.

Detects common features on the images and tracks them moving. Adds ‘drift_shift’ to the metadata as the (x,y) vector that translated the image back to it’s origin.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__crop(*args, **kargs)

Crop the image according to a box.

Parameters:

box (tuple) – (xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax) If None image will be shown and user will be asked to select a box (bit experimental)

Keyword Arguments:

copy (bool) – If True return a copy of ImageFile with the cropped image

Returns:

(ImageArray) – view or copy of array asked for

Notes

This is essentially like taking a view onto the array but uses image x,y coords (x,y –> col,row) Returns a view according to the coords given. If box is None it will allow the user to select a rectangle. If a tuple is given with None included then max extent is used for that coord (analogous to slice). If copy then return a copy of self with the cropped image.

The box can be specified in a number of ways:
  • (int): A border around all sides of the given number pixels is ignored.

  • (float 0.0-1.0): A border of the given fraction of the images height and width is ignored

  • (string): A corresponding item of metadata is located and used to specify the box

  • (tuple of 4 ints or floats): For each item in the tuple it is interpreted as follows:

    • (int): A pixel coordinate in either the x or y direction

    • (float 0.0-1.0): A fraction of the width or height in from the left, right, top, bottom sides

    • (float > 1.0): Is rounded to the nearest integer and used a pixel coordinate.

    • None: The extent of the image is used.

Example

a=ImageFile(np.arange(12).reshape(3,4))

a.crop(1,3,None,None)

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__denoise(weight=0.1)

Rename the skimage restore function.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__do_nothing()

Nulop function for testing the integration into ImageArray.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__dtype_limits(clip_negative=True)

Return intensity limits, i.e. (min, max) tuple, of the image’s dtype.

Parameters:
  • image (ndarray) – Input image.

  • clip_negative (bool) – If True, clip the negative range (i.e. return 0 for min intensity) even if the image dtype allows negative values.

Returns:

(imin, imax – tuple): Lower and upper intensity limits.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__fft(shift=True, phase=False, remove_dc=False, gaussian=None, window=None)

Perform a 2d fft of the image and shift the result to get zero frequency in the centre.

Keyword Arguments:
  • shift (bool) – Shift the fft so that zero order is in the centre of the image. Default True

  • phase (bool, None) – If true, return the phase angle rather than the magnitude if False. If None, return the raw fft. Default False - return magnitude of fft.

  • remove_dc (bool) – Replace the points around the dc offset with the mean of the fft to avoid dc offset artefacts. Default False

  • gaussian (None or float) – Apply a gaussian blur to the fft where this parameter is the width of the blue in px. Default None for off.

  • window (None or str) – If not None (default) the image is multiplied by the given window function before the fft is calculated. This avpoids leaking some signal into the higher frequency bands due to discontinuities at the image edges.

Returns:

fft of the image, preserving metadata.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__filter_image(sigma=2)

Alias for skimage.filters.gaussian.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__gridimage(points=None, xi=None, method='linear', fill_value=None, rescale=False)

Use scipy.interpolate.griddata() to shift the image to a regular grid of coordinates.

Parameters:
  • points (tuple of (x-co-ords,yco-ordsa)) – The actual sampled data coordinates

  • xi (tupe of (2D array,2D array)) – The regular grid coordinates (as generated by e.g. np.meshgrid())

Keyword Arguments:
  • method ("linear","cubic","nearest") – how to interpolate, default is linear

  • fill_value (folat, Callable, None) – What to put when the coordinates go out of range (default is None). May be a callable in which case the initial image is presented as the only argument. If None, use the mean value.

  • rescale (bool) – If the x and y coordinates are very different in scale, set this to True.

Returns:

A copy of the modified image. The image data is interpolated and metadata kets “actual_x”,”actual_y”,”sample_ x”,”samp[le_y” are set to give coordinates of new grid.

Notes

If points and or xi are missed out then we try to construct them from the metadata. For points, the metadata keys “actual-x” and “actual_y” are looked for and for xi, the metadata keys “sample_x” and “sample_y” are used. These are set, for example, by the Stoner.HDF5.SXTMImage loader if the interformeter stage data was found in the file.

The metadata used in this case is then adjusted as well to ensure that repeated application of this method doesn’t change the image after it has been corrected once.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__hist(*args, **kargs)

Pass through to matplotlib.pyplot.hist() function.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__imshow(**kwargs)

Quickly plot of image.

Keyword Arguments:
  • figure (int, str or matplotlib.figure) – if int then use figure number given, if figure is ‘new’ then create a new figure, if None then use whatever default figure is available

  • show_axis (bool) – If True, show the axis otherwise don’t (default)’

  • title (str,None,False) – Title for plot - defaults to False (no title). None will take the title from the filename if present

  • title_args (dict) – Arguments to pass to the title function to control formatting.

  • cmap (str,matplotlib.cmap) – Colour scheme for plot, defaults to gray

Any masked areas are set to NaN which stops them being plotted at all.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__level_image(poly_vert=1, poly_horiz=1, box=None, poly=None, mode='clip')

Subtract a polynomial background from image.

Keyword Arguments:
  • poly_vert (int) – fit a polynomial in the vertical direction for the image of order given. If 0 do not fit or subtract in the vertical direction

  • poly_horiz (int) – fit a polynomial of order poly_horiz to the image. If 0 given do not subtract

  • box (array, list or tuple of int) – [xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax] define region for fitting. IF None use entire image

  • poly (list or None) – [pvert, phoriz] pvert and phoriz are arrays of polynomial coefficients (highest power first) to subtract in the horizontal and vertical directions. If None function defaults to fitting its own polynomial.

  • mode (str) – Either ‘clip’ or ‘norm’ - specifies how to handle intensitry values that end up being outside of the accepted range for the image.

Returns:

A new copy of the processed images.

Fit and subtract a background to the image. Fits a polynomial of order given in the horizontal and vertical directions and subtracts. If box is defined then level the entire image according to the gradient within the box. The polynomial subtracted is added to the metadata as ‘poly_vert_subtract’ and ‘poly_horiz_subtract’

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__normalise(scale=None, sample=False, limits=(0.0, 1.0), scale_masked=False)

Norm alise the data to a fixed scale.

Keyword Arguments:
  • scale (2-tuple) – The range to scale the image to, defaults to -1 to 1.

  • saple (box) – Only use a section of the input image to calculate the new scale over. Default is False - whole image

  • limits (low,high) – Take the input range from the high and low fraction of the input when sorted.

  • scale_masked (bool) – If True then the masked region is also scaled, otherwise any masked region is ignored. Default, False.

Returns:

A scaled version of the data. The ndarray min and max methods are used to allow masked images to be operated on only on the unmasked areas.

Notes

The sample keyword controls the area in which the range of input values is calculated, the actual scaling is done on the whole image.

The limits parameter is used to set the input scale being normalised from - if an image has a few outliers then this setting can be used to clip the input range before normalising. The parameters in the limit are the values at the low and high fractions of the cumulative distribution functions.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__plot_histogram(bins=256)

Plot the histogram and cumulative distribution for the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__profile_line(src=None, dst=None, linewidth=1, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0.0, constrain=True, **kargs)

Wrap sckit-image method of the same name to get a line_profile.

Parameters:

img (ImageArray) – Image data to take line section of

Keyword Parameters:
src, dst (2-tuple of int or float):

start and end of line profile. If the coordinates are given as integers then they are assumed to be pxiel coordinates, floats are assumed to be real-space coordinates using the embedded metadata.

linewidth (int):

the wideth of the profile to be taken.

order (int 1-3):

Order of interpolation used to find image data when not aligned to a point

mode (str):

How to handle data outside of the image.

cval (float):

The constant value to assume for data outside of the image is mode is “constant”

constrain (bool):

Ensure the src and dst are within the image (default True).

no_scale (bool):

Do not attempt to scale values by the image scale and work in pixels throughout. (default False)

Returns:

A Stoner.Data object containing the line profile data and the metadata from the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__quantize(output, levels=None)

Quantise the image data into fixed levels given by a mapping.

Parameters:

output (list,array,tuple) – Output levels to return.

Keyword Arguments:

levels (list, array or None) – The input band markers. If None is constructed from the data.

The number of levels should be one less than the number of output levels given.

Notes

The routine will ignore all masked pixels and will preserve the mask.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__radial_coordinates(centre=(None, None), pixel_size=(1, 1), angle=False)

Rerurn a map of the radial coordinates of an image from a given centre, with adjustments for pixel size.

Keyword Arguments:
  • centre (2-tuple) – Coordinates of centre point in terms of the original pixels. Defaults to(None,None) for the middle of the image.

  • pixel_size (2-tuple) – The size of one pixel in (dx by dy) - defaults to 1,1

  • angle (bool, None) – Whether to return the angles (in radians, True), distances (False) o a complex number (None).

Returns:

An array of the same class as the input, but with values corresponding to the radial coordinates.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__radial_profile(angle=None, r=None, centre=(None, None), pixel_size=(1, 1))

Extract a radial profile line from an image.

Keyword Parameters:
angle (float, tuple, None):
Select the radial angle to include:
  • float selects a single angle

  • tuple selects a range of angles

  • None integrates over all angles

r (array, None):

Edges of the bins in the radual direction - will return r.size-1 points. Default is None which uses the minimum r value found on the edges of the image.

centre (2-tuple):

Coordinates of centre point in terms of the original pixels. Defaults to(None,None) for the middle of the image.

pixel_size (2-tuple):

The size of one pixel in (dx by dy) - defaults to 1,1

Returns:

(Data) – A py:class:Stoner.Data object with a column for r and columns for mean, std, and number of pixels.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__remove_outliers(percentiles=(0.01, 0.99), replace=None)

Find values of the data that are beyond a percentile of the overall distribution and replace them.

Keyword Parameters:
percentile (2 tuple):

Fraction percentiles to consider to be outliers (default is (0.01,0.99) for 1% limits)

replace (2 tuple or None):

Values to set outliers to. If None, then the pixel values at the percentile limits are used.

Returns:

(ndarray) – The modified array.

Use this method if you have an image with a small number of pixels with extreme values that are out of range.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__rotate(angle, resize=False, center=None, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)

Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.

Parameters:

angle (float) – Rotation angle in radians in clockwise direction.

Keyword Parameters:
resize (bool):

Determine whether the shape of the output image will be automatically calculated, so the complete rotated image exactly fits. Default is False.

center (iterable of length 2):

The rotation center. If center=None, the image is rotated around its center, i.e. center=(cols / 2 - 0.5, rows / 2 - 0.5). Please note that this parameter is (cols, rows), contrary to normal skimage ordering.

order (int):

The order of the spline interpolation, default is 1. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode ({‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}):

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cval (float):

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clip (bool):

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_range (bool):

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of Stpomer.Image.ImageArray.as_float.

Returns:

(ImageFile/ImageArray) – Rotated image

Notes

(pass through to the skimage.transform.warps.rotate function)

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save(filename=None, **kargs)

Save the image into the file ‘filename’.

Parameters:

filename (string, bool or None) – Filename to save data as, if this is None then the current filename for the object is used If this is not set, then then a file dialog is used. If filename is False then a file dialog is forced.

Keyword Arguments:
  • fmt (string or list) – format to save data as. ‘tif’, ‘png’ or ‘npy’ or a list of them. If not included will guess from filename.

  • forcetype (bool) – integer data will be converted to np.float32 type for saving. if forcetype then preserve and save as int type (will be unsigned).

Notes

Metadata will be preserved in .png and .tif format.

fmt can be ‘png’, ‘npy’, ‘tif’, ‘tiff’ or a list of more than one of those. tif is recommended since metadata is lost in .npy format but data is converted to integer format for png so that definition cannot be saved.

Since Stoner.Image is meant to be a general 2d array often with negative and floating point data this poses a problem for saving images. Images are naturally saved as 8 or more bit unsigned integer values representing colour. The only obvious way to save an image and preserve negative data is to save as a float32 tif. This has the advantage over the npy data type which cannot be opened by external programs and will not save metadata.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save_npy(filename)

Save the ImageArray as a numpy array.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save_png(filename)

Save the ImageArray with metadata in a png file.

This can only save as 8bit unsigned integer so there is likely to be a loss of precision on floating point data

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__save_tiff(filename, forcetype=False)

Save the ImageArray as a tiff image with metadata.

Parameters:

filename (str) – Filename to save file as.

Keyword Arguments:

forcetype (bool) – (deprecated) if forcetype then preserve data type as best as possible on save. Otherwise we let the underlying pillow library choose the best data type.

Note

PIL can save in modes “L” (8bit unsigned int), “I” (32bit signed int), or “F” (32bit signed float). In general max info is preserved for “F” type so if forcetype is not specified then this is the default. For boolean type data mode “L” will suffice and this is chosen in all cases. The type name is added as a string to the metadata before saving.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__sgolay2d(points=15, poly=1, derivative=None)

Implements a 2D Savitsky Golay Filter for a 2D array (e.g. image).

Parameters:

img (ImageArray or ImageFile) – image to be filtered

Keyword Arguments:
  • points (int) – The number of points in the window aperture. Must be an odd number. (default 15)

  • poly (int) – Degree of polynomial to use in the filter. (default 1)

  • derivative (str or None) –

    Type of defivative to calculate. Can be:

    None - smooth only (default) “x”,”y” - calculate dIntentity/dx or dIntensity/dy “both” - calculate the full derivative and return magnitud and angle.

ReturnsL
(imageArray or ImageFile):

filtered image.

Raises:

ValueError if points, order or derivative are incorrect.

Notes

Adapted from code on the scipy cookbook : https://scipy-cookbook.readthedocs.io/items/SavitzkyGolay.html

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__span()

Return the minimum and maximum values in the image.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__subtract_image(background, contrast=16, clip=True, offset=0.5)

Subtract a background image from the ImageArray.

Multiply the contrast by the contrast parameter. If clip is on then clip the intensity after for the maximum allowed data range.

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__threshold_minmax(threshmin=0.1, threshmax=0.9)

Return a boolean array which is thresholded between threshmin and threshmax.

(ie True if value is between threshmin and threshmax)

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__translate(translation, add_metadata=False, order=3, mode='wrap', cval=None)

Translate the image.

Areas lost by move are cropped, and areas gained are made black (0) The area not lost or cropped is added as a metadata parameter ‘translation_limits’

Parameters:

translate (2-tuple) – translation (x,y)

Keyword Arguments:
  • add_metadata (bool) – Record the shift in the image metadata order (int): Interpolation order (default, 3, bi-cubic)

  • mode (str) – How to handle points outside the original image. See skimage.transform.warp(). Defaults to “wrap”

  • cval (float) – The value to fill with if mode is constant. If not specified or None, defaults to the mean pixcel value.

Returns:

im (ImageArray) – translated image

Stoner__Image__imagefuncs__translate_limits(translation, reverse=False)

Find the limits of an image after a translation.

After using ImageArray.translate some areas will be black, this finds the max area that still has original pixels in

Parameters:

translation – 2-tuple the (x,y) translation applied to the image

Keyword Arguments:

reverse (bool) – whether to reverse the translation vector (default False, no)

Returns:

limits

4-tuple

(xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax) the maximum coordinates of the image with original information

Stoner__Image__util__im_scale(n, m, dtypeobj_in, dtypeobj, copy=True)

Scaleunsigned/positive integers from n to m bits.

Numbers can be represented exactly only if m is a multiple of n Output array is of same kind as input.

Stoner__Image__util__prec_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over precision loss when converting image.

Stoner__Image__util__sign_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over loss of sign information when converting image.

Stoner__compat__get_filedialog(**opts)

Wrap around Tk file dialog to manage creating file dialogs in a cross platform way.

Parameters:
  • what (str) – What sort of a dialog to create - options are ‘file’,’directory’,’save’,’files’

  • **opts (dict) – Arguments to pass through to the underlying dialog function.

Returns:

A file name or directory or list of files.

Stoner__plot__utils__auto_fit_fontsize(width, height, scale_down=True, scale_up=False)

Resale the font size of a matplotlib text object to fit within a box.

Parameters:
  • text (matplotlib.text.Text) – Text object to be scaled in Figure units.

  • width,height (float) – Target width and height to scale to.

Keyword Arguments:

scale_up (scale_down,) – Whether to reduce the font size to fit (default True), or increase it to fit (default False)

Returns:

(float) – scaling factor applied.

Stoner__tools__decorators__changes_size()

Mark a function as one that changes the size of the ImageArray.

Stoner__tools__decorators__keep_return_type()

Mark a function as one that Should not be converted from an array to an ImageFile.

Stoner__tools__decorators__make_Data(**kargs)

Return an instance of Stoner.Data or Stoner.ImageFile passig through constructor arguments.

Keyword Arguments:

what (str) – Controls whether to makle Data or ImaageFile based on the same what argument to the autoloaders.

Calling make_Data(None) is a special case to return the Data class ratther than an instance

Stoner__tools__tests__isTuple(*args: type, strict: bool = True) bool

Determine if obj is a tuple of a certain signature.

Parameters:
  • obj (object) – The object to check

  • *args (type) – Each of the succeeding arguments are used to determine the expected type of each element.

Keywoprd Arguments:
strict(bool):

Whether the elements of the tuple have to be exactly the type specified or just castable as the type

Returns:

(bool) – True if obj is a matching tuple.

Stoner__tools__tests__isiterable() bool

Chack to see if a value is iterable.

Parameters:

value – Entity to check if it is iterable

Returns:

(bool) – True if value is an instance of collections.Iterable.

adjust_contrast(lims=(0.1, 0.9), percent=True)

Rescale the intensity of the image.

Mostly a call through to skimage.exposure.rescale_intensity. The absolute limits of contrast are added to the metadata as ‘adjust_contrast’

lims: 2-tuple

limits of rescaling the intensity

percent: bool

if True then lims are the give the percentile of the image intensity histogram, otherwise lims are absolute

image: ImageArray

rescaled image

align(ref, method='scharr', **kargs)

Use one of a variety of algroithms to align two images.

Parameters:
  • im (ndarray)

  • ref (ndarray)

Keyword Arguments:
  • method (str or None) – If given specifies which module to try and use. Options: ‘scharr’, ‘chi2_shift’, ‘imreg_dft’, ‘cv2’

  • _box (integer, float, tuple of images or floats) – Used with ImageArray.crop to select a subset of the image to use for the aligning process.

  • scale (int) – Rescale the image and reference image by constant factor before finding the translation vector.

  • prefilter (callable) – A method to apply to the image before carrying out the translation to the align to the reference.

  • **kargs (various) – All other keyword arguments are passed to the specific algorithm.

Returns

(ImageArray or ndarray) aligned image

Notes

Currently three algorithms are supported:
  • image_registration module’s chi^2 shift: This uses a dft with an automatic up-sampling of the fourier transform for sub-pixel alignment. The metadata key chi2_shift contains the translation vector and errors.

  • imreg_dft module’s similarity function. This implements a full scale, rotation, translation algorithm (by default constrained for just translation). It’s unclear how much sub-pixel translation is accommodated.

  • cv2 module based affine transform on a gray scale image. from: http://www.learnopencv.com/image-alignment-ecc-in-opencv-c-python/

all(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Returns True if all elements evaluate to True.

The output array is masked where all the values along the given axis are masked: if the output would have been a scalar and that all the values are masked, then the output is masked.

Refer to numpy.all for full documentation.

numpy.ndarray.all : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.all : equivalent function

>>> np.ma.array([1,2,3]).all()
True
>>> a = np.ma.array([1,2,3], mask=True)
>>> (a.all() is np.ma.masked)
True
anom(axis=None, dtype=None)

Compute the anomalies (deviations from the arithmetic mean) along the given axis.

Returns an array of anomalies, with the same shape as the input and where the arithmetic mean is computed along the given axis.

axisint, optional

Axis over which the anomalies are taken. The default is to use the mean of the flattened array as reference.

dtypedtype, optional
Type to use in computing the variance. For arrays of integer type

the default is float32; for arrays of float types it is the same as the array type.

mean : Compute the mean of the array.

>>> a = np.ma.array([1,2,3])
>>> a.anom()
masked_array(data=[-1.,  0.,  1.],
             mask=False,
       fill_value=1e+20)
any(axis=None, out=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Returns True if any of the elements of a evaluate to True.

Masked values are considered as False during computation.

Refer to numpy.any for full documentation.

numpy.ndarray.any : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.any : equivalent function

argmax(axis=None, fill_value=None, out=None, *, keepdims=<no value>)

Returns array of indices of the maximum values along the given axis. Masked values are treated as if they had the value fill_value.

axis{None, integer}

If None, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise along the specified axis

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used to fill in the masked values. If None, the output of maximum_fill_value(self._data) is used instead.

out{None, array}, optional

Array into which the result can be placed. Its type is preserved and it must be of the right shape to hold the output.

index_array : {integer_array}

>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
>>> a.argmax()
5
>>> a.argmax(0)
array([1, 1, 1])
>>> a.argmax(1)
array([2, 2])
argmin(axis=None, fill_value=None, out=None, *, keepdims=<no value>)

Return array of indices to the minimum values along the given axis.

axis{None, integer}

If None, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise along the specified axis

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used to fill in the masked values. If None, the output of minimum_fill_value(self._data) is used instead.

out{None, array}, optional

Array into which the result can be placed. Its type is preserved and it must be of the right shape to hold the output.

ndarray or scalar

If multi-dimension input, returns a new ndarray of indices to the minimum values along the given axis. Otherwise, returns a scalar of index to the minimum values along the given axis.

>>> x = np.ma.array(np.arange(4), mask=[1,1,0,0])
>>> x.shape = (2,2)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[--, --],
        [2, 3]],
  mask=[[ True,  True],
        [False, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.argmin(axis=0, fill_value=-1)
array([0, 0])
>>> x.argmin(axis=0, fill_value=9)
array([1, 1])
argpartition(*args, **kwargs)
argsort(axis=<no value>, kind=None, order=None, endwith=True, fill_value=None)

Return an ndarray of indices that sort the array along the specified axis. Masked values are filled beforehand to fill_value.

axisint, optional

Axis along which to sort. If None, the default, the flattened array is used.

Changed in version 1.13.0: Previously, the default was documented to be -1, but that was in error. At some future date, the default will change to -1, as originally intended. Until then, the axis should be given explicitly when arr.ndim > 1, to avoid a FutureWarning.

kind{‘quicksort’, ‘mergesort’, ‘heapsort’, ‘stable’}, optional

The sorting algorithm used.

orderlist, optional

When a is an array with fields defined, this argument specifies which fields to compare first, second, etc. Not all fields need be specified.

endwith{True, False}, optional

Whether missing values (if any) should be treated as the largest values (True) or the smallest values (False) When the array contains unmasked values at the same extremes of the datatype, the ordering of these values and the masked values is undefined.

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used internally for the masked values. If fill_value is not None, it supersedes endwith.

index_arrayndarray, int

Array of indices that sort a along the specified axis. In other words, a[index_array] yields a sorted a.

ma.MaskedArray.sort : Describes sorting algorithms used. lexsort : Indirect stable sort with multiple keys. numpy.ndarray.sort : Inplace sort.

See sort for notes on the different sorting algorithms.

>>> a = np.ma.array([3,2,1], mask=[False, False, True])
>>> a
masked_array(data=[3, 2, --],
             mask=[False, False,  True],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> a.argsort()
array([1, 0, 2])
asarray()

Provide a consistent way to get at the underlying array data in both ImageArray and ImageFile objects.

asfloat(normalise=True, clip=False, clip_negative=False)

Return the image converted to floating point type.

If currently an int type and normalise then floats will be normalised to the maximum allowed value of the int type. If currently a float type then no change occurs. If clip then clip values outside the range -1,1 If clip_negative then further clip values to range 0,1

Keyword Arguments:
  • normalise (bool) – normalise the image to the max value of current int type

  • clip_negative (bool) – clip negative intensity to 0

asint(dtype=<class 'numpy.uint16'>)

Convert the image to unsigned integer format.

May raise warnings about loss of precision.

astype(dtype, order='K', casting='unsafe', subok=True, copy=True)

Copy of the array, cast to a specified type.

dtypestr or dtype

Typecode or data-type to which the array is cast.

order{‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’, ‘K’}, optional

Controls the memory layout order of the result. ‘C’ means C order, ‘F’ means Fortran order, ‘A’ means ‘F’ order if all the arrays are Fortran contiguous, ‘C’ order otherwise, and ‘K’ means as close to the order the array elements appear in memory as possible. Default is ‘K’.

casting{‘no’, ‘equiv’, ‘safe’, ‘same_kind’, ‘unsafe’}, optional

Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to ‘unsafe’ for backwards compatibility.

  • ‘no’ means the data types should not be cast at all.

  • ‘equiv’ means only byte-order changes are allowed.

  • ‘safe’ means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.

  • ‘same_kind’ means only safe casts or casts within a kind, like float64 to float32, are allowed.

  • ‘unsafe’ means any data conversions may be done.

subokbool, optional

If True, then sub-classes will be passed-through (default), otherwise the returned array will be forced to be a base-class array.

copybool, optional

By default, astype always returns a newly allocated array. If this is set to false, and the dtype, order, and subok requirements are satisfied, the input array is returned instead of a copy.

arr_tndarray

Unless copy is False and the other conditions for returning the input array are satisfied (see description for copy input parameter), arr_t is a new array of the same shape as the input array, with dtype, order given by dtype, order.

Changed in version 1.17.0: Casting between a simple data type and a structured one is possible only for “unsafe” casting. Casting to multiple fields is allowed, but casting from multiple fields is not.

Changed in version 1.9.0: Casting from numeric to string types in ‘safe’ casting mode requires that the string dtype length is long enough to store the max integer/float value converted.

ComplexWarning

When casting from complex to float or int. To avoid this, one should use a.real.astype(t).

>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 2.5])
>>> x
array([1. ,  2. ,  2.5])
>>> x.astype(int)
array([1, 2, 2])
auto_fit_fontsize(width, height, scale_down=True, scale_up=False)

Resale the font size of a matplotlib text object to fit within a box.

Parameters:
  • text (matplotlib.text.Text) – Text object to be scaled in Figure units.

  • width,height (float) – Target width and height to scale to.

Keyword Arguments:

scale_up (scale_down,) – Whether to reduce the font size to fit (default True), or increase it to fit (default False)

Returns:

(float) – scaling factor applied.

byteswap(inplace=False)

Swap the bytes of the array elements

Toggle between low-endian and big-endian data representation by returning a byteswapped array, optionally swapped in-place. Arrays of byte-strings are not swapped. The real and imaginary parts of a complex number are swapped individually.

inplacebool, optional

If True, swap bytes in-place, default is False.

outndarray

The byteswapped array. If inplace is True, this is a view to self.

>>> A = np.array([1, 256, 8755], dtype=np.int16)
>>> list(map(hex, A))
['0x1', '0x100', '0x2233']
>>> A.byteswap(inplace=True)
array([  256,     1, 13090], dtype=int16)
>>> list(map(hex, A))
['0x100', '0x1', '0x3322']

Arrays of byte-strings are not swapped

>>> A = np.array([b'ceg', b'fac'])
>>> A.byteswap()
array([b'ceg', b'fac'], dtype='|S3')
A.newbyteorder().byteswap() produces an array with the same values

but different representation in memory

>>> A = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> A.view(np.uint8)
array([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 0], dtype=uint8)
>>> A.newbyteorder().byteswap(inplace=True)
array([1, 2, 3])
>>> A.view(np.uint8)
array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
       0, 3], dtype=uint8)
changes_size()

Mark a function as one that changes the size of the ImageArray.

choose(choices, out=None, mode='raise')

Use an index array to construct a new array from a set of choices.

Refer to numpy.choose for full documentation.

numpy.choose : equivalent function

clear() None.  Remove all items from D.
clip(min=None, max=None, out=None, **kwargs)

Return an array whose values are limited to [min, max]. One of max or min must be given.

Refer to numpy.clip for full documentation.

numpy.clip : equivalent function

clip_intensity(clip_negative=False, limits=None)

Clip intensity outside the range -1,1 or 0,1.

Keyword Arguments:
  • clip_negative (bool) – if True clip to range 0,1 else range -1,1

  • limits (low,high) – Clip the intensity between low and high rather than zero and 1.

Ensure data range is -1 to 1 or 0 to 1 if clip_negative is True.

clip_neg()

Clip negative pixels to 0.

Most useful for float where pixels above 1 are reduced to 1.0 and -ve pixels are changed to 0.

compress(condition, axis=None, out=None)

Return a where condition is True.

If condition is a ~ma.MaskedArray, missing values are considered as False.

conditionvar

Boolean 1-d array selecting which entries to return. If len(condition) is less than the size of a along the axis, then output is truncated to length of condition array.

axis{None, int}, optional

Axis along which the operation must be performed.

out{None, ndarray}, optional

Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have the same shape as the expected output but the type will be cast if necessary.

resultMaskedArray

A MaskedArray object.

Please note the difference with compressed() ! The output of compress() has a mask, the output of compressed() does not.

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1, --, 3],
        [--, 5, --],
        [7, --, 9]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.compress([1, 0, 1])
masked_array(data=[1, 3],
             mask=[False, False],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> x.compress([1, 0, 1], axis=1)
masked_array(
  data=[[1, 3],
        [--, --],
        [7, 9]],
  mask=[[False, False],
        [ True,  True],
        [False, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
compressed()

Return all the non-masked data as a 1-D array.

datandarray

A new ndarray holding the non-masked data is returned.

The result is not a MaskedArray!

>>> x = np.ma.array(np.arange(5), mask=[0]*2 + [1]*3)
>>> x.compressed()
array([0, 1])
>>> type(x.compressed())
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
conj()

Complex-conjugate all elements.

Refer to numpy.conjugate for full documentation.

numpy.conjugate : equivalent function

conjugate()

Return the complex conjugate, element-wise.

Refer to numpy.conjugate for full documentation.

numpy.conjugate : equivalent function

convert(dtype, force_copy=False, uniform=False, normalise=True)

Convert an image to the requested data-type.

Warnings are issued in case of precision loss, or when negative values are clipped during conversion to unsigned integer types (sign loss).

Floating point values are expected to be normalized and will be clipped to the range [0.0, 1.0] or [-1.0, 1.0] when converting to unsigned or signed integers respectively.

Numbers are not shifted to the negative side when converting from unsigned to signed integer types. Negative values will be clipped when converting to unsigned integers.

imagendarray

Input image.

dtypedtype

Target data-type.

force_copybool

Force a copy of the data, irrespective of its current dtype.

uniformbool

Uniformly quantize the floating point range to the integer range. By default (uniform=False) floating point values are scaled and rounded to the nearest integers, which minimizes back and forth conversion errors.

normalisebool

When converting from int types to float normalise the resulting array by the maximum allowed value of the int type.

  1. DirectX data conversion rules. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/dd607323%28v=vs.85%29.aspx

  2. Data Conversions. In “OpenGL ES 2.0 Specification v2.0.25”, pp 7-8. Khronos Group, 2010.

  3. Proper treatment of pixels as integers. A.W. Path. In “Graphics Gems I”, pp 249-256. Morgan Kaufmann, 1990.

  4. Dirty Pixels. J. Blinn. In “Jim Blinn’s corner: Dirty Pixels”, pp 47-57. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998.

copy(order='C')

Return a copy of the array.

order{‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’, ‘K’}, optional

Controls the memory layout of the copy. ‘C’ means C-order, ‘F’ means F-order, ‘A’ means ‘F’ if a is Fortran contiguous, ‘C’ otherwise. ‘K’ means match the layout of a as closely as possible. (Note that this function and numpy.copy() are very similar but have different default values for their order= arguments, and this function always passes sub-classes through.)

numpy.copy : Similar function with different default behavior numpy.copyto

This function is the preferred method for creating an array copy. The function numpy.copy() is similar, but it defaults to using order ‘K’, and will not pass sub-classes through by default.

>>> x = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]], order='F')
>>> y = x.copy()
>>> x.fill(0)
>>> x
array([[0, 0, 0],
       [0, 0, 0]])
>>> y
array([[1, 2, 3],
       [4, 5, 6]])
>>> y.flags['C_CONTIGUOUS']
True
correct_drift(ref, **kargs)

Align images to correct for image drift.

Parameters:

ref (ImageArray) – Reference image with assumed zero drift

Keyword Arguments:
  • threshold (float) – threshold for detecting imperfections in images (see skimage.feature.corner_fast for details)

  • upsample_factor (float) – the resolution for the shift 1/upsample_factor pixels registered. see skimage.feature.register_translation for more details

  • box (sequence of 4 ints) – defines a region of the image to use for identifyign the drift defaults to the whol image. Use this to avoid drift calculations being confused by the scale bar/annotation region.

  • do_shift (bool) – Shift the image, or just calculate the drift and store in metadata (default True, shit)

Returns:

A shifted image with the image shift added to the metadata as ‘correct drift’.

Detects common features on the images and tracks them moving. Adds ‘drift_shift’ to the metadata as the (x,y) vector that translated the image back to it’s origin.

count(axis=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Count the non-masked elements of the array along the given axis.

axisNone or int or tuple of ints, optional

Axis or axes along which the count is performed. The default, None, performs the count over all the dimensions of the input array. axis may be negative, in which case it counts from the last to the first axis.

New in version 1.10.0.

If this is a tuple of ints, the count is performed on multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.

keepdimsbool, optional

If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the array.

resultndarray or scalar

An array with the same shape as the input array, with the specified axis removed. If the array is a 0-d array, or if axis is None, a scalar is returned.

ma.count_masked : Count masked elements in array or along a given axis.

>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> a = ma.arange(6).reshape((2, 3))
>>> a[1, :] = ma.masked
>>> a
masked_array(
  data=[[0, 1, 2],
        [--, --, --]],
  mask=[[False, False, False],
        [ True,  True,  True]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> a.count()
3

When the axis keyword is specified an array of appropriate size is returned.

>>> a.count(axis=0)
array([1, 1, 1])
>>> a.count(axis=1)
array([3, 0])
crop(*args, **kargs)

Crop the image according to a box.

Parameters:

box (tuple) – (xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax) If None image will be shown and user will be asked to select a box (bit experimental)

Keyword Arguments:

copy (bool) – If True return a copy of ImageFile with the cropped image

Returns:

(ImageArray) – view or copy of array asked for

Notes

This is essentially like taking a view onto the array but uses image x,y coords (x,y –> col,row) Returns a view according to the coords given. If box is None it will allow the user to select a rectangle. If a tuple is given with None included then max extent is used for that coord (analogous to slice). If copy then return a copy of self with the cropped image.

The box can be specified in a number of ways:
  • (int): A border around all sides of the given number pixels is ignored.

  • (float 0.0-1.0): A border of the given fraction of the images height and width is ignored

  • (string): A corresponding item of metadata is located and used to specify the box

  • (tuple of 4 ints or floats): For each item in the tuple it is interpreted as follows:

    • (int): A pixel coordinate in either the x or y direction

    • (float 0.0-1.0): A fraction of the width or height in from the left, right, top, bottom sides

    • (float > 1.0): Is rounded to the nearest integer and used a pixel coordinate.

    • None: The extent of the image is used.

Example

a=ImageFile(np.arange(12).reshape(3,4))

a.crop(1,3,None,None)

cumprod(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None)

Return the cumulative product of the array elements over the given axis.

Masked values are set to 1 internally during the computation. However, their position is saved, and the result will be masked at the same locations.

Refer to numpy.cumprod for full documentation.

The mask is lost if out is not a valid MaskedArray !

Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is raised on overflow.

numpy.ndarray.cumprod : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.cumprod : equivalent function

cumsum(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None)

Return the cumulative sum of the array elements over the given axis.

Masked values are set to 0 internally during the computation. However, their position is saved, and the result will be masked at the same locations.

Refer to numpy.cumsum for full documentation.

The mask is lost if out is not a valid ma.MaskedArray !

Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is raised on overflow.

numpy.ndarray.cumsum : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.cumsum : equivalent function

>>> marr = np.ma.array(np.arange(10), mask=[0,0,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0])
>>> marr.cumsum()
masked_array(data=[0, 1, 3, --, --, --, 9, 16, 24, 33],
             mask=[False, False, False,  True,  True,  True, False, False,
                   False, False],
       fill_value=999999)
denoise(weight=0.1)

Rename the skimage restore function.

diagonal(offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1)

Return specified diagonals. In NumPy 1.9 the returned array is a read-only view instead of a copy as in previous NumPy versions. In a future version the read-only restriction will be removed.

Refer to numpy.diagonal() for full documentation.

numpy.diagonal : equivalent function

do_nothing()

Nulop function for testing the integration into ImageArray.

dot(b, out=None)

Masked dot product of two arrays. Note that out and strict are located in different positions than in ma.dot. In order to maintain compatibility with the functional version, it is recommended that the optional arguments be treated as keyword only. At some point that may be mandatory.

New in version 1.10.0.

bmasked_array_like

Inputs array.

outmasked_array, optional

Output argument. This must have the exact kind that would be returned if it was not used. In particular, it must have the right type, must be C-contiguous, and its dtype must be the dtype that would be returned for ma.dot(a,b). This is a performance feature. Therefore, if these conditions are not met, an exception is raised, instead of attempting to be flexible.

strictbool, optional

Whether masked data are propagated (True) or set to 0 (False) for the computation. Default is False. Propagating the mask means that if a masked value appears in a row or column, the whole row or column is considered masked.

New in version 1.10.2.

numpy.ma.dot : equivalent function

dtype_limits(clip_negative=True)

Return intensity limits, i.e. (min, max) tuple, of the image’s dtype.

Parameters:
  • image (ndarray) – Input image.

  • clip_negative (bool) – If True, clip the negative range (i.e. return 0 for min intensity) even if the image dtype allows negative values.

Returns:

(imin, imax – tuple): Lower and upper intensity limits.

dump(file)

Dump a pickle of the array to the specified file. The array can be read back with pickle.load or numpy.load.

filestr or Path

A string naming the dump file.

Changed in version 1.17.0: pathlib.Path objects are now accepted.

dumps()

Returns the pickle of the array as a string. pickle.loads will convert the string back to an array.

None

fft(shift=True, phase=False, remove_dc=False, gaussian=None, window=None)

Perform a 2d fft of the image and shift the result to get zero frequency in the centre.

Keyword Arguments:
  • shift (bool) – Shift the fft so that zero order is in the centre of the image. Default True

  • phase (bool, None) – If true, return the phase angle rather than the magnitude if False. If None, return the raw fft. Default False - return magnitude of fft.

  • remove_dc (bool) – Replace the points around the dc offset with the mean of the fft to avoid dc offset artefacts. Default False

  • gaussian (None or float) – Apply a gaussian blur to the fft where this parameter is the width of the blue in px. Default None for off.

  • window (None or str) – If not None (default) the image is multiplied by the given window function before the fft is calculated. This avpoids leaking some signal into the higher frequency bands due to discontinuities at the image edges.

Returns:

fft of the image, preserving metadata.

fill(value)

Fill the array with a scalar value.

valuescalar

All elements of a will be assigned this value.

>>> a = np.array([1, 2])
>>> a.fill(0)
>>> a
array([0, 0])
>>> a = np.empty(2)
>>> a.fill(1)
>>> a
array([1.,  1.])

Fill expects a scalar value and always behaves the same as assigning to a single array element. The following is a rare example where this distinction is important:

>>> a = np.array([None, None], dtype=object)
>>> a[0] = np.array(3)
>>> a
array([array(3), None], dtype=object)
>>> a.fill(np.array(3))
>>> a
array([array(3), array(3)], dtype=object)

Where other forms of assignments will unpack the array being assigned:

>>> a[...] = np.array(3)
>>> a
array([3, 3], dtype=object)
filled(fill_value=None)

Return a copy of self, with masked values filled with a given value. However, if there are no masked values to fill, self will be returned instead as an ndarray.

fill_valuearray_like, optional

The value to use for invalid entries. Can be scalar or non-scalar. If non-scalar, the resulting ndarray must be broadcastable over input array. Default is None, in which case, the fill_value attribute of the array is used instead.

filled_arrayndarray

A copy of self with invalid entries replaced by fill_value (be it the function argument or the attribute of self), or self itself as an ndarray if there are no invalid entries to be replaced.

The result is not a MaskedArray!

>>> x = np.ma.array([1,2,3,4,5], mask=[0,0,1,0,1], fill_value=-999)
>>> x.filled()
array([   1,    2, -999,    4, -999])
>>> x.filled(fill_value=1000)
array([   1,    2, 1000,    4, 1000])
>>> type(x.filled())
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>

Subclassing is preserved. This means that if, e.g., the data part of the masked array is a recarray, filled returns a recarray:

>>> x = np.array([(-1, 2), (-3, 4)], dtype='i8,i8').view(np.recarray)
>>> m = np.ma.array(x, mask=[(True, False), (False, True)])
>>> m.filled()
rec.array([(999999,      2), (    -3, 999999)],
          dtype=[('f0', '<i8'), ('f1', '<i8')])
filter_image(sigma=2)

Alias for skimage.filters.gaussian.

flatten(order='C')

Return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.

order{‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’, ‘K’}, optional

‘C’ means to flatten in row-major (C-style) order. ‘F’ means to flatten in column-major (Fortran- style) order. ‘A’ means to flatten in column-major order if a is Fortran contiguous in memory, row-major order otherwise. ‘K’ means to flatten a in the order the elements occur in memory. The default is ‘C’.

yndarray

A copy of the input array, flattened to one dimension.

ravel : Return a flattened array. flat : A 1-D flat iterator over the array.

>>> a = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
>>> a.flatten()
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> a.flatten('F')
array([1, 3, 2, 4])
gaussian_filter(sigma, order=0, output=None, mode='reflect', cval=0.0, truncate=4.0, *, radius=None, axes=None)

Multidimensional Gaussian filter.

inputarray_like

The input array.

sigmascalar or sequence of scalars

Standard deviation for Gaussian kernel. The standard deviations of the Gaussian filter are given for each axis as a sequence, or as a single number, in which case it is equal for all axes.

orderint or sequence of ints, optional

The order of the filter along each axis is given as a sequence of integers, or as a single number. An order of 0 corresponds to convolution with a Gaussian kernel. A positive order corresponds to convolution with that derivative of a Gaussian.

outputarray or dtype, optional

The array in which to place the output, or the dtype of the returned array. By default an array of the same dtype as input will be created.

modestr or sequence, optional

The mode parameter determines how the input array is extended when the filter overlaps a border. By passing a sequence of modes with length equal to the number of dimensions of the input array, different modes can be specified along each axis. Default value is ‘reflect’. The valid values and their behavior is as follows:

‘reflect’ (d c b a | a b c d | d c b a)

The input is extended by reflecting about the edge of the last pixel. This mode is also sometimes referred to as half-sample symmetric.

‘constant’ (k k k k | a b c d | k k k k)

The input is extended by filling all values beyond the edge with the same constant value, defined by the cval parameter.

‘nearest’ (a a a a | a b c d | d d d d)

The input is extended by replicating the last pixel.

‘mirror’ (d c b | a b c d | c b a)

The input is extended by reflecting about the center of the last pixel. This mode is also sometimes referred to as whole-sample symmetric.

‘wrap’ (a b c d | a b c d | a b c d)

The input is extended by wrapping around to the opposite edge.

For consistency with the interpolation functions, the following mode names can also be used:

‘grid-constant’

This is a synonym for ‘constant’.

‘grid-mirror’

This is a synonym for ‘reflect’.

‘grid-wrap’

This is a synonym for ‘wrap’.

cvalscalar, optional

Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’. Default is 0.0.

truncatefloat, optional

Truncate the filter at this many standard deviations. Default is 4.0.

radiusNone or int or sequence of ints, optional

Radius of the Gaussian kernel. The radius are given for each axis as a sequence, or as a single number, in which case it is equal for all axes. If specified, the size of the kernel along each axis will be 2*radius + 1, and truncate is ignored. Default is None.

axestuple of int or None, optional

If None, input is filtered along all axes. Otherwise, input is filtered along the specified axes. When axes is specified, any tuples used for sigma, order, mode and/or radius must match the length of axes. The ith entry in any of these tuples corresponds to the ith entry in axes.

gaussian_filterndarray

Returned array of same shape as input.

The multidimensional filter is implemented as a sequence of 1-D convolution filters. The intermediate arrays are stored in the same data type as the output. Therefore, for output types with a limited precision, the results may be imprecise because intermediate results may be stored with insufficient precision.

The Gaussian kernel will have size 2*radius + 1 along each axis. If radius is None, the default radius = round(truncate * sigma) will be used.

>>> from scipy.ndimage import gaussian_filter
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.arange(50, step=2).reshape((5,5))
>>> a
array([[ 0,  2,  4,  6,  8],
       [10, 12, 14, 16, 18],
       [20, 22, 24, 26, 28],
       [30, 32, 34, 36, 38],
       [40, 42, 44, 46, 48]])
>>> gaussian_filter(a, sigma=1)
array([[ 4,  6,  8,  9, 11],
       [10, 12, 14, 15, 17],
       [20, 22, 24, 25, 27],
       [29, 31, 33, 34, 36],
       [35, 37, 39, 40, 42]])
>>> from scipy import datasets
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
>>> plt.gray()  # show the filtered result in grayscale
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(121)  # left side
>>> ax2 = fig.add_subplot(122)  # right side
>>> ascent = datasets.ascent()
>>> result = gaussian_filter(ascent, sigma=5)
>>> ax1.imshow(ascent)
>>> ax2.imshow(result)
>>> plt.show()
get(k[, d]) D[k] if k in D, else d.  d defaults to None.
get_filedialog(**opts)

Wrap around Tk file dialog to manage creating file dialogs in a cross platform way.

Parameters:
  • what (str) – What sort of a dialog to create - options are ‘file’,’directory’,’save’,’files’

  • **opts (dict) – Arguments to pass through to the underlying dialog function.

Returns:

A file name or directory or list of files.

get_filename(mode)

Force the user to choose a new filename using a system dialog box.

Parameters:

mode (string) – The mode of file operation to be used when calling the dialog box

Returns:

str – The new filename

Note

The filename attribute of the current instance is updated by this method as well.

get_fill_value()

The filling value of the masked array is a scalar. When setting, None will set to a default based on the data type.

>>> for dt in [np.int32, np.int64, np.float64, np.complex128]:
...     np.ma.array([0, 1], dtype=dt).get_fill_value()
...
999999
999999
1e+20
(1e+20+0j)
>>> x = np.ma.array([0, 1.], fill_value=-np.inf)
>>> x.fill_value
-inf
>>> x.fill_value = np.pi
>>> x.fill_value
3.1415926535897931 # may vary

Reset to default:

>>> x.fill_value = None
>>> x.fill_value
1e+20
get_imag()

The imaginary part of the masked array.

This property is a view on the imaginary part of this MaskedArray.

real

>>> x = np.ma.array([1+1.j, -2j, 3.45+1.6j], mask=[False, True, False])
>>> x.imag
masked_array(data=[1.0, --, 1.6],
             mask=[False,  True, False],
       fill_value=1e+20)
get_real()

The real part of the masked array.

This property is a view on the real part of this MaskedArray.

imag

>>> x = np.ma.array([1+1.j, -2j, 3.45+1.6j], mask=[False, True, False])
>>> x.real
masked_array(data=[1.0, --, 3.45],
             mask=[False,  True, False],
       fill_value=1e+20)
getfield(dtype, offset=0)

Returns a field of the given array as a certain type.

A field is a view of the array data with a given data-type. The values in the view are determined by the given type and the offset into the current array in bytes. The offset needs to be such that the view dtype fits in the array dtype; for example an array of dtype complex128 has 16-byte elements. If taking a view with a 32-bit integer (4 bytes), the offset needs to be between 0 and 12 bytes.

dtypestr or dtype

The data type of the view. The dtype size of the view can not be larger than that of the array itself.

offsetint

Number of bytes to skip before beginning the element view.

>>> x = np.diag([1.+1.j]*2)
>>> x[1, 1] = 2 + 4.j
>>> x
array([[1.+1.j,  0.+0.j],
       [0.+0.j,  2.+4.j]])
>>> x.getfield(np.float64)
array([[1.,  0.],
       [0.,  2.]])

By choosing an offset of 8 bytes we can select the complex part of the array for our view:

>>> x.getfield(np.float64, offset=8)
array([[1.,  0.],
       [0.,  4.]])
griddata(values, xi, method='linear', fill_value=nan, rescale=False)

Interpolate unstructured D-D data.

points2-D ndarray of floats with shape (n, D), or length D tuple of 1-D ndarrays with shape (n,).

Data point coordinates.

valuesndarray of float or complex, shape (n,)

Data values.

xi2-D ndarray of floats with shape (m, D), or length D tuple of ndarrays broadcastable to the same shape.

Points at which to interpolate data.

method{‘linear’, ‘nearest’, ‘cubic’}, optional

Method of interpolation. One of

nearest

return the value at the data point closest to the point of interpolation. See NearestNDInterpolator for more details.

linear

tessellate the input point set to N-D simplices, and interpolate linearly on each simplex. See LinearNDInterpolator for more details.

cubic (1-D)

return the value determined from a cubic spline.

cubic (2-D)

return the value determined from a piecewise cubic, continuously differentiable (C1), and approximately curvature-minimizing polynomial surface. See CloughTocher2DInterpolator for more details.

fill_valuefloat, optional

Value used to fill in for requested points outside of the convex hull of the input points. If not provided, then the default is nan. This option has no effect for the ‘nearest’ method.

rescalebool, optional

Rescale points to unit cube before performing interpolation. This is useful if some of the input dimensions have incommensurable units and differ by many orders of magnitude.

New in version 0.14.0.

ndarray

Array of interpolated values.

LinearNDInterpolator :

Piecewise linear interpolant in N dimensions.

NearestNDInterpolator :

Nearest-neighbor interpolation in N dimensions.

CloughTocher2DInterpolator :

Piecewise cubic, C1 smooth, curvature-minimizing interpolant in 2D.

interpn : Interpolation on a regular grid or rectilinear grid. RegularGridInterpolator : Interpolation on a regular or rectilinear grid

in arbitrary dimensions (interpn wraps this class).

New in version 0.9.

Note

For data on a regular grid use interpn instead.

Suppose we want to interpolate the 2-D function

>>> import numpy as np
>>> def func(x, y):
...     return x*(1-x)*np.cos(4*np.pi*x) * np.sin(4*np.pi*y**2)**2

on a grid in [0, 1]x[0, 1]

>>> grid_x, grid_y = np.mgrid[0:1:100j, 0:1:200j]

but we only know its values at 1000 data points:

>>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
>>> points = rng.random((1000, 2))
>>> values = func(points[:,0], points[:,1])

This can be done with griddata – below we try out all of the interpolation methods:

>>> from scipy.interpolate import griddata
>>> grid_z0 = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='nearest')
>>> grid_z1 = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='linear')
>>> grid_z2 = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='cubic')

One can see that the exact result is reproduced by all of the methods to some degree, but for this smooth function the piecewise cubic interpolant gives the best results:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> plt.subplot(221)
>>> plt.imshow(func(grid_x, grid_y).T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.plot(points[:,0], points[:,1], 'k.', ms=1)
>>> plt.title('Original')
>>> plt.subplot(222)
>>> plt.imshow(grid_z0.T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.title('Nearest')
>>> plt.subplot(223)
>>> plt.imshow(grid_z1.T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.title('Linear')
>>> plt.subplot(224)
>>> plt.imshow(grid_z2.T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.title('Cubic')
>>> plt.gcf().set_size_inches(6, 6)
>>> plt.show()
gridimage(points=None, xi=None, method='linear', fill_value=None, rescale=False)

Use scipy.interpolate.griddata() to shift the image to a regular grid of coordinates.

Parameters:
  • points (tuple of (x-co-ords,yco-ordsa)) – The actual sampled data coordinates

  • xi (tupe of (2D array,2D array)) – The regular grid coordinates (as generated by e.g. np.meshgrid())

Keyword Arguments:
  • method ("linear","cubic","nearest") – how to interpolate, default is linear

  • fill_value (folat, Callable, None) – What to put when the coordinates go out of range (default is None). May be a callable in which case the initial image is presented as the only argument. If None, use the mean value.

  • rescale (bool) – If the x and y coordinates are very different in scale, set this to True.

Returns:

A copy of the modified image. The image data is interpolated and metadata kets “actual_x”,”actual_y”,”sample_ x”,”samp[le_y” are set to give coordinates of new grid.

Notes

If points and or xi are missed out then we try to construct them from the metadata. For points, the metadata keys “actual-x” and “actual_y” are looked for and for xi, the metadata keys “sample_x” and “sample_y” are used. These are set, for example, by the Stoner.HDF5.SXTMImage loader if the interformeter stage data was found in the file.

The metadata used in this case is then adjusted as well to ensure that repeated application of this method doesn’t change the image after it has been corrected once.

harden_mask()

Force the mask to hard, preventing unmasking by assignment.

Whether the mask of a masked array is hard or soft is determined by its ~ma.MaskedArray.hardmask property. harden_mask sets ~ma.MaskedArray.hardmask to True (and returns the modified self).

ma.MaskedArray.hardmask ma.MaskedArray.soften_mask

hist(*args, **kargs)

Pass through to matplotlib.pyplot.hist() function.

ids()

Return the addresses of the data and mask areas.

None

>>> x = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3], mask=[0, 1, 1])
>>> x.ids()
(166670640, 166659832) # may vary

If the array has no mask, the address of nomask is returned. This address is typically not close to the data in memory:

>>> x = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> x.ids()
(166691080, 3083169284) # may vary
im_scale(n, m, dtypeobj_in, dtypeobj, copy=True)

Scaleunsigned/positive integers from n to m bits.

Numbers can be represented exactly only if m is a multiple of n Output array is of same kind as input.

imshow(**kwargs)

Quickly plot of image.

Keyword Arguments:
  • figure (int, str or matplotlib.figure) – if int then use figure number given, if figure is ‘new’ then create a new figure, if None then use whatever default figure is available

  • show_axis (bool) – If True, show the axis otherwise don’t (default)’

  • title (str,None,False) – Title for plot - defaults to False (no title). None will take the title from the filename if present

  • title_args (dict) – Arguments to pass to the title function to control formatting.

  • cmap (str,matplotlib.cmap) – Colour scheme for plot, defaults to gray

Any masked areas are set to NaN which stops them being plotted at all.

isTuple(*args: type, strict: bool = True) bool

Determine if obj is a tuple of a certain signature.

Parameters:
  • obj (object) – The object to check

  • *args (type) – Each of the succeeding arguments are used to determine the expected type of each element.

Keywoprd Arguments:
strict(bool):

Whether the elements of the tuple have to be exactly the type specified or just castable as the type

Returns:

(bool) – True if obj is a matching tuple.

iscontiguous()

Return a boolean indicating whether the data is contiguous.

None

>>> x = np.ma.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> x.iscontiguous()
True

iscontiguous returns one of the flags of the masked array:

>>> x.flags
  C_CONTIGUOUS : True
  F_CONTIGUOUS : True
  OWNDATA : False
  WRITEABLE : True
  ALIGNED : True
  WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
isiterable() bool

Chack to see if a value is iterable.

Parameters:

value – Entity to check if it is iterable

Returns:

(bool) – True if value is an instance of collections.Iterable.

item(*args)

Copy an element of an array to a standard Python scalar and return it.

*args : Arguments (variable number and type)

  • none: in this case, the method only works for arrays with one element (a.size == 1), which element is copied into a standard Python scalar object and returned.

  • int_type: this argument is interpreted as a flat index into the array, specifying which element to copy and return.

  • tuple of int_types: functions as does a single int_type argument, except that the argument is interpreted as an nd-index into the array.

zStandard Python scalar object

A copy of the specified element of the array as a suitable Python scalar

When the data type of a is longdouble or clongdouble, item() returns a scalar array object because there is no available Python scalar that would not lose information. Void arrays return a buffer object for item(), unless fields are defined, in which case a tuple is returned.

item is very similar to a[args], except, instead of an array scalar, a standard Python scalar is returned. This can be useful for speeding up access to elements of the array and doing arithmetic on elements of the array using Python’s optimized math.

>>> np.random.seed(123)
>>> x = np.random.randint(9, size=(3, 3))
>>> x
array([[2, 2, 6],
       [1, 3, 6],
       [1, 0, 1]])
>>> x.item(3)
1
>>> x.item(7)
0
>>> x.item((0, 1))
2
>>> x.item((2, 2))
1
items() Tuple[str, Any]

Make sure we implement an items that doesn’t just iterate over self.

itemset(*args)

Insert scalar into an array (scalar is cast to array’s dtype, if possible)

There must be at least 1 argument, and define the last argument as item. Then, a.itemset(*args) is equivalent to but faster than a[args] = item. The item should be a scalar value and args must select a single item in the array a.

*argsArguments

If one argument: a scalar, only used in case a is of size 1. If two arguments: the last argument is the value to be set and must be a scalar, the first argument specifies a single array element location. It is either an int or a tuple.

Compared to indexing syntax, itemset provides some speed increase for placing a scalar into a particular location in an ndarray, if you must do this. However, generally this is discouraged: among other problems, it complicates the appearance of the code. Also, when using itemset (and item) inside a loop, be sure to assign the methods to a local variable to avoid the attribute look-up at each loop iteration.

>>> np.random.seed(123)
>>> x = np.random.randint(9, size=(3, 3))
>>> x
array([[2, 2, 6],
       [1, 3, 6],
       [1, 0, 1]])
>>> x.itemset(4, 0)
>>> x.itemset((2, 2), 9)
>>> x
array([[2, 2, 6],
       [1, 0, 6],
       [1, 0, 9]])
keep_return_type()

Mark a function as one that Should not be converted from an array to an ImageFile.

keys() str

Return the keys of the metadata dictionary.

level_image(poly_vert=1, poly_horiz=1, box=None, poly=None, mode='clip')

Subtract a polynomial background from image.

Keyword Arguments:
  • poly_vert (int) – fit a polynomial in the vertical direction for the image of order given. If 0 do not fit or subtract in the vertical direction

  • poly_horiz (int) – fit a polynomial of order poly_horiz to the image. If 0 given do not subtract

  • box (array, list or tuple of int) – [xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax] define region for fitting. IF None use entire image

  • poly (list or None) – [pvert, phoriz] pvert and phoriz are arrays of polynomial coefficients (highest power first) to subtract in the horizontal and vertical directions. If None function defaults to fitting its own polynomial.

  • mode (str) – Either ‘clip’ or ‘norm’ - specifies how to handle intensitry values that end up being outside of the accepted range for the image.

Returns:

A new copy of the processed images.

Fit and subtract a background to the image. Fits a polynomial of order given in the horizontal and vertical directions and subtracts. If box is defined then level the entire image according to the gradient within the box. The polynomial subtracted is added to the metadata as ‘poly_vert_subtract’ and ‘poly_horiz_subtract’

classmethod load(*args, **kargs)

Create a ImageFile from file abnd guessing a better subclass if necessary.

Parameters:

filename (string or None) – path to file to load

Keyword Arguments:
  • auto_load (bool) – If True (default) then the load routine tries all the subclasses of ImageFile in turn to load the file

  • filetype (ImageFile, str) – If not none then tries using filetype as the loader.

  • debug (bool) – Turn on debugging when running autoload. Default False

Returns:

(ImageFile) – A a new ImageFile (or subclass thereof) instance

Note

If filetupe is a string, then it is first tried as an exact match to a subclass name, otherwise it is used as a partial match and the first class in priority order is that matches is used.

Some subclasses can be found in the Stoner.formats package.

Each subclass is scanned in turn for a class attribute Stoner.ImnageFile.priority which governs the order in which they are tried. Subclasses which can make an early positive determination that a file has the correct format can have higher priority levels. Classes should return a suitable exception if they fail to load the file.

If no class can load a file successfully then a RunttimeError exception is raised.

make_Data(**kargs)

Return an instance of Stoner.Data or Stoner.ImageFile passig through constructor arguments.

Keyword Arguments:

what (str) – Controls whether to makle Data or ImaageFile based on the same what argument to the autoloaders.

Calling make_Data(None) is a special case to return the Data class ratther than an instance

max(axis=None, out=None, fill_value=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Return the maximum along a given axis.

axisNone or int or tuple of ints, optional

Axis along which to operate. By default, axis is None and the flattened input is used. .. versionadded:: 1.7.0 If this is a tuple of ints, the maximum is selected over multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.

outarray_like, optional

Alternative output array in which to place the result. Must be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used to fill in the masked values. If None, use the output of maximum_fill_value().

keepdimsbool, optional

If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the array.

amaxarray_like

New array holding the result. If out was specified, out is returned.

ma.maximum_fill_value

Returns the maximum filling value for a given datatype.

>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> x = [[-1., 2.5], [4., -2.], [3., 0.]]
>>> mask = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [1, 0]]
>>> masked_x = ma.masked_array(x, mask)
>>> masked_x
masked_array(
  data=[[-1.0, 2.5],
        [--, -2.0],
        [--, 0.0]],
  mask=[[False, False],
        [ True, False],
        [ True, False]],
  fill_value=1e+20)
>>> ma.max(masked_x)
2.5
>>> ma.max(masked_x, axis=0)
masked_array(data=[-1.0, 2.5],
             mask=[False, False],
       fill_value=1e+20)
>>> ma.max(masked_x, axis=1, keepdims=True)
masked_array(
  data=[[2.5],
        [-2.0],
        [0.0]],
  mask=[[False],
        [False],
        [False]],
  fill_value=1e+20)
>>> mask = [[1, 1], [1, 1], [1, 1]]
>>> masked_x = ma.masked_array(x, mask)
>>> ma.max(masked_x, axis=1)
masked_array(data=[--, --, --],
             mask=[ True,  True,  True],
       fill_value=1e+20,
            dtype=float64)
mean(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Returns the average of the array elements along given axis.

Masked entries are ignored, and result elements which are not finite will be masked.

Refer to numpy.mean for full documentation.

numpy.ndarray.mean : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.mean : Equivalent function numpy.ma.average : Weighted average.

>>> a = np.ma.array([1,2,3], mask=[False, False, True])
>>> a
masked_array(data=[1, 2, --],
             mask=[False, False,  True],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> a.mean()
1.5
min(axis=None, out=None, fill_value=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Return the minimum along a given axis.

axisNone or int or tuple of ints, optional

Axis along which to operate. By default, axis is None and the flattened input is used. .. versionadded:: 1.7.0 If this is a tuple of ints, the minimum is selected over multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.

outarray_like, optional

Alternative output array in which to place the result. Must be of the same shape and buffer length as the expected output.

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used to fill in the masked values. If None, use the output of minimum_fill_value.

keepdimsbool, optional

If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the array.

aminarray_like

New array holding the result. If out was specified, out is returned.

ma.minimum_fill_value

Returns the minimum filling value for a given datatype.

>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> x = [[1., -2., 3.], [0.2, -0.7, 0.1]]
>>> mask = [[1, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]]
>>> masked_x = ma.masked_array(x, mask)
>>> masked_x
masked_array(
  data=[[--, --, 3.0],
        [0.2, -0.7, --]],
  mask=[[ True,  True, False],
        [False, False,  True]],
  fill_value=1e+20)
>>> ma.min(masked_x)
-0.7
>>> ma.min(masked_x, axis=-1)
masked_array(data=[3.0, -0.7],
             mask=[False, False],
        fill_value=1e+20)
>>> ma.min(masked_x, axis=0, keepdims=True)
masked_array(data=[[0.2, -0.7, 3.0]],
             mask=[[False, False, False]],
        fill_value=1e+20)
>>> mask = [[1, 1, 1,], [1, 1, 1]]
>>> masked_x = ma.masked_array(x, mask)
>>> ma.min(masked_x, axis=0)
masked_array(data=[--, --, --],
             mask=[ True,  True,  True],
        fill_value=1e+20,
            dtype=float64)
newbyteorder(new_order='S', /)

Return the array with the same data viewed with a different byte order.

Equivalent to:

arr.view(arr.dtype.newbytorder(new_order))

Changes are also made in all fields and sub-arrays of the array data type.

new_orderstring, optional

Byte order to force; a value from the byte order specifications below. new_order codes can be any of:

  • ‘S’ - swap dtype from current to opposite endian

  • {‘<’, ‘little’} - little endian

  • {‘>’, ‘big’} - big endian

  • {‘=’, ‘native’} - native order, equivalent to sys.byteorder

  • {‘|’, ‘I’} - ignore (no change to byte order)

The default value (‘S’) results in swapping the current byte order.

new_arrarray

New array object with the dtype reflecting given change to the byte order.

nonzero()

Return the indices of unmasked elements that are not zero.

Returns a tuple of arrays, one for each dimension, containing the indices of the non-zero elements in that dimension. The corresponding non-zero values can be obtained with:

a[a.nonzero()]

To group the indices by element, rather than dimension, use instead:

np.transpose(a.nonzero())

The result of this is always a 2d array, with a row for each non-zero element.

None

tuple_of_arraystuple

Indices of elements that are non-zero.

numpy.nonzero :

Function operating on ndarrays.

flatnonzero :

Return indices that are non-zero in the flattened version of the input array.

numpy.ndarray.nonzero :

Equivalent ndarray method.

count_nonzero :

Counts the number of non-zero elements in the input array.

>>> import numpy.ma as ma
>>> x = ma.array(np.eye(3))
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1., 0., 0.],
        [0., 1., 0.],
        [0., 0., 1.]],
  mask=False,
  fill_value=1e+20)
>>> x.nonzero()
(array([0, 1, 2]), array([0, 1, 2]))

Masked elements are ignored.

>>> x[1, 1] = ma.masked
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1.0, 0.0, 0.0],
        [0.0, --, 0.0],
        [0.0, 0.0, 1.0]],
  mask=[[False, False, False],
        [False,  True, False],
        [False, False, False]],
  fill_value=1e+20)
>>> x.nonzero()
(array([0, 2]), array([0, 2]))

Indices can also be grouped by element.

>>> np.transpose(x.nonzero())
array([[0, 0],
       [2, 2]])

A common use for nonzero is to find the indices of an array, where a condition is True. Given an array a, the condition a > 3 is a boolean array and since False is interpreted as 0, ma.nonzero(a > 3) yields the indices of the a where the condition is true.

>>> a = ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]])
>>> a > 3
masked_array(
  data=[[False, False, False],
        [ True,  True,  True],
        [ True,  True,  True]],
  mask=False,
  fill_value=True)
>>> ma.nonzero(a > 3)
(array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))

The nonzero method of the condition array can also be called.

>>> (a > 3).nonzero()
(array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))
normalise(scale=None, sample=False, limits=(0.0, 1.0), scale_masked=False)

Norm alise the data to a fixed scale.

Keyword Arguments:
  • scale (2-tuple) – The range to scale the image to, defaults to -1 to 1.

  • saple (box) – Only use a section of the input image to calculate the new scale over. Default is False - whole image

  • limits (low,high) – Take the input range from the high and low fraction of the input when sorted.

  • scale_masked (bool) – If True then the masked region is also scaled, otherwise any masked region is ignored. Default, False.

Returns:

A scaled version of the data. The ndarray min and max methods are used to allow masked images to be operated on only on the unmasked areas.

Notes

The sample keyword controls the area in which the range of input values is calculated, the actual scaling is done on the whole image.

The limits parameter is used to set the input scale being normalised from - if an image has a few outliers then this setting can be used to clip the input range before normalising. The parameters in the limit are the values at the low and high fractions of the cumulative distribution functions.

partition(*args, **kwargs)
plot_histogram(bins=256)

Plot the histogram and cumulative distribution for the image.

pop(k[, d]) v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.

If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

popitem() (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair

as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

prec_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over precision loss when converting image.

prod(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Return the product of the array elements over the given axis.

Masked elements are set to 1 internally for computation.

Refer to numpy.prod for full documentation.

Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is raised on overflow.

numpy.ndarray.prod : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.prod : equivalent function

product(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Return the product of the array elements over the given axis.

Masked elements are set to 1 internally for computation.

Refer to numpy.prod for full documentation.

Arithmetic is modular when using integer types, and no error is raised on overflow.

numpy.ndarray.prod : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.prod : equivalent function

profile_line(src=None, dst=None, linewidth=1, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0.0, constrain=True, **kargs)

Wrap sckit-image method of the same name to get a line_profile.

Parameters:

img (ImageArray) – Image data to take line section of

Keyword Parameters:
src, dst (2-tuple of int or float):

start and end of line profile. If the coordinates are given as integers then they are assumed to be pxiel coordinates, floats are assumed to be real-space coordinates using the embedded metadata.

linewidth (int):

the wideth of the profile to be taken.

order (int 1-3):

Order of interpolation used to find image data when not aligned to a point

mode (str):

How to handle data outside of the image.

cval (float):

The constant value to assume for data outside of the image is mode is “constant”

constrain (bool):

Ensure the src and dst are within the image (default True).

no_scale (bool):

Do not attempt to scale values by the image scale and work in pixels throughout. (default False)

Returns:

A Stoner.Data object containing the line profile data and the metadata from the image.

ptp(axis=None, out=None, fill_value=None, keepdims=False)

Return (maximum - minimum) along the given dimension (i.e. peak-to-peak value).

Warning

ptp preserves the data type of the array. This means the return value for an input of signed integers with n bits (e.g. np.int8, np.int16, etc) is also a signed integer with n bits. In that case, peak-to-peak values greater than 2**(n-1)-1 will be returned as negative values. An example with a work-around is shown below.

axis{None, int}, optional

Axis along which to find the peaks. If None (default) the flattened array is used.

out{None, array_like}, optional

Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have the same shape and buffer length as the expected output but the type will be cast if necessary.

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used to fill in the masked values.

keepdimsbool, optional

If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the array.

ptpndarray.

A new array holding the result, unless out was specified, in which case a reference to out is returned.

>>> x = np.ma.MaskedArray([[4, 9, 2, 10],
...                        [6, 9, 7, 12]])
>>> x.ptp(axis=1)
masked_array(data=[8, 6],
             mask=False,
       fill_value=999999)
>>> x.ptp(axis=0)
masked_array(data=[2, 0, 5, 2],
             mask=False,
       fill_value=999999)
>>> x.ptp()
10

This example shows that a negative value can be returned when the input is an array of signed integers.

>>> y = np.ma.MaskedArray([[1, 127],
...                        [0, 127],
...                        [-1, 127],
...                        [-2, 127]], dtype=np.int8)
>>> y.ptp(axis=1)
masked_array(data=[ 126,  127, -128, -127],
             mask=False,
       fill_value=999999,
            dtype=int8)

A work-around is to use the view() method to view the result as unsigned integers with the same bit width:

>>> y.ptp(axis=1).view(np.uint8)
masked_array(data=[126, 127, 128, 129],
             mask=False,
       fill_value=999999,
            dtype=uint8)
put(indices, values, mode='raise')

Set storage-indexed locations to corresponding values.

Sets self._data.flat[n] = values[n] for each n in indices. If values is shorter than indices then it will repeat. If values has some masked values, the initial mask is updated in consequence, else the corresponding values are unmasked.

indices1-D array_like

Target indices, interpreted as integers.

valuesarray_like

Values to place in self._data copy at target indices.

mode{‘raise’, ‘wrap’, ‘clip’}, optional

Specifies how out-of-bounds indices will behave. ‘raise’ : raise an error. ‘wrap’ : wrap around. ‘clip’ : clip to the range.

values can be a scalar or length 1 array.

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1, --, 3],
        [--, 5, --],
        [7, --, 9]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.put([0,4,8],[10,20,30])
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[10, --, 3],
        [--, 20, --],
        [7, --, 30]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.put(4,999)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[10, --, 3],
        [--, 999, --],
        [7, --, 30]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
quantize(output, levels=None)

Quantise the image data into fixed levels given by a mapping.

Parameters:

output (list,array,tuple) – Output levels to return.

Keyword Arguments:

levels (list, array or None) – The input band markers. If None is constructed from the data.

The number of levels should be one less than the number of output levels given.

Notes

The routine will ignore all masked pixels and will preserve the mask.

radial_coordinates(centre=(None, None), pixel_size=(1, 1), angle=False)

Rerurn a map of the radial coordinates of an image from a given centre, with adjustments for pixel size.

Keyword Arguments:
  • centre (2-tuple) – Coordinates of centre point in terms of the original pixels. Defaults to(None,None) for the middle of the image.

  • pixel_size (2-tuple) – The size of one pixel in (dx by dy) - defaults to 1,1

  • angle (bool, None) – Whether to return the angles (in radians, True), distances (False) o a complex number (None).

Returns:

An array of the same class as the input, but with values corresponding to the radial coordinates.

radial_profile(angle=None, r=None, centre=(None, None), pixel_size=(1, 1))

Extract a radial profile line from an image.

Keyword Parameters:
angle (float, tuple, None):
Select the radial angle to include:
  • float selects a single angle

  • tuple selects a range of angles

  • None integrates over all angles

r (array, None):

Edges of the bins in the radual direction - will return r.size-1 points. Default is None which uses the minimum r value found on the edges of the image.

centre (2-tuple):

Coordinates of centre point in terms of the original pixels. Defaults to(None,None) for the middle of the image.

pixel_size (2-tuple):

The size of one pixel in (dx by dy) - defaults to 1,1

Returns:

(Data) – A py:class:Stoner.Data object with a column for r and columns for mean, std, and number of pixels.

ravel(order='C')

Returns a 1D version of self, as a view.

order{‘C’, ‘F’, ‘A’, ‘K’}, optional

The elements of a are read using this index order. ‘C’ means to index the elements in C-like order, with the last axis index changing fastest, back to the first axis index changing slowest. ‘F’ means to index the elements in Fortran-like index order, with the first index changing fastest, and the last index changing slowest. Note that the ‘C’ and ‘F’ options take no account of the memory layout of the underlying array, and only refer to the order of axis indexing. ‘A’ means to read the elements in Fortran-like index order if m is Fortran contiguous in memory, C-like order otherwise. ‘K’ means to read the elements in the order they occur in memory, except for reversing the data when strides are negative. By default, ‘C’ index order is used. (Masked arrays currently use ‘A’ on the data when ‘K’ is passed.)

MaskedArray

Output view is of shape (self.size,) (or (np.ma.product(self.shape),)).

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1, --, 3],
        [--, 5, --],
        [7, --, 9]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.ravel()
masked_array(data=[1, --, 3, --, 5, --, 7, --, 9],
             mask=[False,  True, False,  True, False,  True, False,  True,
                   False],
       fill_value=999999)
remove_outliers(percentiles=(0.01, 0.99), replace=None)

Find values of the data that are beyond a percentile of the overall distribution and replace them.

Keyword Parameters:
percentile (2 tuple):

Fraction percentiles to consider to be outliers (default is (0.01,0.99) for 1% limits)

replace (2 tuple or None):

Values to set outliers to. If None, then the pixel values at the percentile limits are used.

Returns:

(ndarray) – The modified array.

Use this method if you have an image with a small number of pixels with extreme values that are out of range.

repeat(repeats, axis=None)

Repeat elements of an array.

Refer to numpy.repeat for full documentation.

numpy.repeat : equivalent function

reshape(*s, **kwargs)

Give a new shape to the array without changing its data.

Returns a masked array containing the same data, but with a new shape. The result is a view on the original array; if this is not possible, a ValueError is raised.

shapeint or tuple of ints

The new shape should be compatible with the original shape. If an integer is supplied, then the result will be a 1-D array of that length.

order{‘C’, ‘F’}, optional

Determines whether the array data should be viewed as in C (row-major) or FORTRAN (column-major) order.

reshaped_arrayarray

A new view on the array.

reshape : Equivalent function in the masked array module. numpy.ndarray.reshape : Equivalent method on ndarray object. numpy.reshape : Equivalent function in the NumPy module.

The reshaping operation cannot guarantee that a copy will not be made, to modify the shape in place, use a.shape = s

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2],[3,4]], mask=[1,0,0,1])
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[--, 2],
        [3, --]],
  mask=[[ True, False],
        [False,  True]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x = x.reshape((4,1))
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[--],
        [2],
        [3],
        [--]],
  mask=[[ True],
        [False],
        [False],
        [ True]],
  fill_value=999999)
resize(newshape, refcheck=True, order=False)

Warning

This method does nothing, except raise a ValueError exception. A masked array does not own its data and therefore cannot safely be resized in place. Use the numpy.ma.resize function instead.

This method is difficult to implement safely and may be deprecated in future releases of NumPy.

rotate(angle, resize=False, center=None, order=1, mode='constant', cval=0, clip=True, preserve_range=False)

Rotate image by a certain angle around its center.

Parameters:

angle (float) – Rotation angle in radians in clockwise direction.

Keyword Parameters:
resize (bool):

Determine whether the shape of the output image will be automatically calculated, so the complete rotated image exactly fits. Default is False.

center (iterable of length 2):

The rotation center. If center=None, the image is rotated around its center, i.e. center=(cols / 2 - 0.5, rows / 2 - 0.5). Please note that this parameter is (cols, rows), contrary to normal skimage ordering.

order (int):

The order of the spline interpolation, default is 1. The order has to be in the range 0-5. See skimage.transform.warp for detail.

mode ({‘constant’, ‘edge’, ‘symmetric’, ‘reflect’, ‘wrap’}):

Points outside the boundaries of the input are filled according to the given mode. Modes match the behaviour of numpy.pad.

cval (float):

Used in conjunction with mode ‘constant’, the value outside the image boundaries.

clip (bool):

Whether to clip the output to the range of values of the input image. This is enabled by default, since higher order interpolation may produce values outside the given input range.

preserve_range (bool):

Whether to keep the original range of values. Otherwise, the input image is converted according to the conventions of Stpomer.Image.ImageArray.as_float.

Returns:

(ImageFile/ImageArray) – Rotated image

Notes

(pass through to the skimage.transform.warps.rotate function)

round(decimals=0, out=None)

Return each element rounded to the given number of decimals.

Refer to numpy.around for full documentation.

numpy.ndarray.round : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.around : equivalent function

save(filename=None, **kargs)

Save the image into the file ‘filename’.

Parameters:

filename (string, bool or None) – Filename to save data as, if this is None then the current filename for the object is used If this is not set, then then a file dialog is used. If filename is False then a file dialog is forced.

Keyword Arguments:
  • fmt (string or list) – format to save data as. ‘tif’, ‘png’ or ‘npy’ or a list of them. If not included will guess from filename.

  • forcetype (bool) – integer data will be converted to np.float32 type for saving. if forcetype then preserve and save as int type (will be unsigned).

Notes

Metadata will be preserved in .png and .tif format.

fmt can be ‘png’, ‘npy’, ‘tif’, ‘tiff’ or a list of more than one of those. tif is recommended since metadata is lost in .npy format but data is converted to integer format for png so that definition cannot be saved.

Since Stoner.Image is meant to be a general 2d array often with negative and floating point data this poses a problem for saving images. Images are naturally saved as 8 or more bit unsigned integer values representing colour. The only obvious way to save an image and preserve negative data is to save as a float32 tif. This has the advantage over the npy data type which cannot be opened by external programs and will not save metadata.

save_npy(filename)

Save the ImageArray as a numpy array.

save_png(filename)

Save the ImageArray with metadata in a png file.

This can only save as 8bit unsigned integer so there is likely to be a loss of precision on floating point data

save_tiff(filename, forcetype=False)

Save the ImageArray as a tiff image with metadata.

Parameters:

filename (str) – Filename to save file as.

Keyword Arguments:

forcetype (bool) – (deprecated) if forcetype then preserve data type as best as possible on save. Otherwise we let the underlying pillow library choose the best data type.

Note

PIL can save in modes “L” (8bit unsigned int), “I” (32bit signed int), or “F” (32bit signed float). In general max info is preserved for “F” type so if forcetype is not specified then this is the default. For boolean type data mode “L” will suffice and this is chosen in all cases. The type name is added as a string to the metadata before saving.

scipy__interpolate___ndgriddata__griddata(values, xi, method='linear', fill_value=nan, rescale=False)

Interpolate unstructured D-D data.

points2-D ndarray of floats with shape (n, D), or length D tuple of 1-D ndarrays with shape (n,).

Data point coordinates.

valuesndarray of float or complex, shape (n,)

Data values.

xi2-D ndarray of floats with shape (m, D), or length D tuple of ndarrays broadcastable to the same shape.

Points at which to interpolate data.

method{‘linear’, ‘nearest’, ‘cubic’}, optional

Method of interpolation. One of

nearest

return the value at the data point closest to the point of interpolation. See NearestNDInterpolator for more details.

linear

tessellate the input point set to N-D simplices, and interpolate linearly on each simplex. See LinearNDInterpolator for more details.

cubic (1-D)

return the value determined from a cubic spline.

cubic (2-D)

return the value determined from a piecewise cubic, continuously differentiable (C1), and approximately curvature-minimizing polynomial surface. See CloughTocher2DInterpolator for more details.

fill_valuefloat, optional

Value used to fill in for requested points outside of the convex hull of the input points. If not provided, then the default is nan. This option has no effect for the ‘nearest’ method.

rescalebool, optional

Rescale points to unit cube before performing interpolation. This is useful if some of the input dimensions have incommensurable units and differ by many orders of magnitude.

New in version 0.14.0.

ndarray

Array of interpolated values.

LinearNDInterpolator :

Piecewise linear interpolant in N dimensions.

NearestNDInterpolator :

Nearest-neighbor interpolation in N dimensions.

CloughTocher2DInterpolator :

Piecewise cubic, C1 smooth, curvature-minimizing interpolant in 2D.

interpn : Interpolation on a regular grid or rectilinear grid. RegularGridInterpolator : Interpolation on a regular or rectilinear grid

in arbitrary dimensions (interpn wraps this class).

New in version 0.9.

Note

For data on a regular grid use interpn instead.

Suppose we want to interpolate the 2-D function

>>> import numpy as np
>>> def func(x, y):
...     return x*(1-x)*np.cos(4*np.pi*x) * np.sin(4*np.pi*y**2)**2

on a grid in [0, 1]x[0, 1]

>>> grid_x, grid_y = np.mgrid[0:1:100j, 0:1:200j]

but we only know its values at 1000 data points:

>>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
>>> points = rng.random((1000, 2))
>>> values = func(points[:,0], points[:,1])

This can be done with griddata – below we try out all of the interpolation methods:

>>> from scipy.interpolate import griddata
>>> grid_z0 = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='nearest')
>>> grid_z1 = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='linear')
>>> grid_z2 = griddata(points, values, (grid_x, grid_y), method='cubic')

One can see that the exact result is reproduced by all of the methods to some degree, but for this smooth function the piecewise cubic interpolant gives the best results:

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> plt.subplot(221)
>>> plt.imshow(func(grid_x, grid_y).T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.plot(points[:,0], points[:,1], 'k.', ms=1)
>>> plt.title('Original')
>>> plt.subplot(222)
>>> plt.imshow(grid_z0.T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.title('Nearest')
>>> plt.subplot(223)
>>> plt.imshow(grid_z1.T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.title('Linear')
>>> plt.subplot(224)
>>> plt.imshow(grid_z2.T, extent=(0,1,0,1), origin='lower')
>>> plt.title('Cubic')
>>> plt.gcf().set_size_inches(6, 6)
>>> plt.show()
scipy__ndimage___filters__gaussian_filter(sigma, order=0, output=None, mode='reflect', cval=0.0, truncate=4.0, *, radius=None, axes=None)

Multidimensional Gaussian filter.

inputarray_like

The input array.

sigmascalar or sequence of scalars

Standard deviation for Gaussian kernel. The standard deviations of the Gaussian filter are given for each axis as a sequence, or as a single number, in which case it is equal for all axes.

orderint or sequence of ints, optional

The order of the filter along each axis is given as a sequence of integers, or as a single number. An order of 0 corresponds to convolution with a Gaussian kernel. A positive order corresponds to convolution with that derivative of a Gaussian.

outputarray or dtype, optional

The array in which to place the output, or the dtype of the returned array. By default an array of the same dtype as input will be created.

modestr or sequence, optional

The mode parameter determines how the input array is extended when the filter overlaps a border. By passing a sequence of modes with length equal to the number of dimensions of the input array, different modes can be specified along each axis. Default value is ‘reflect’. The valid values and their behavior is as follows:

‘reflect’ (d c b a | a b c d | d c b a)

The input is extended by reflecting about the edge of the last pixel. This mode is also sometimes referred to as half-sample symmetric.

‘constant’ (k k k k | a b c d | k k k k)

The input is extended by filling all values beyond the edge with the same constant value, defined by the cval parameter.

‘nearest’ (a a a a | a b c d | d d d d)

The input is extended by replicating the last pixel.

‘mirror’ (d c b | a b c d | c b a)

The input is extended by reflecting about the center of the last pixel. This mode is also sometimes referred to as whole-sample symmetric.

‘wrap’ (a b c d | a b c d | a b c d)

The input is extended by wrapping around to the opposite edge.

For consistency with the interpolation functions, the following mode names can also be used:

‘grid-constant’

This is a synonym for ‘constant’.

‘grid-mirror’

This is a synonym for ‘reflect’.

‘grid-wrap’

This is a synonym for ‘wrap’.

cvalscalar, optional

Value to fill past edges of input if mode is ‘constant’. Default is 0.0.

truncatefloat, optional

Truncate the filter at this many standard deviations. Default is 4.0.

radiusNone or int or sequence of ints, optional

Radius of the Gaussian kernel. The radius are given for each axis as a sequence, or as a single number, in which case it is equal for all axes. If specified, the size of the kernel along each axis will be 2*radius + 1, and truncate is ignored. Default is None.

axestuple of int or None, optional

If None, input is filtered along all axes. Otherwise, input is filtered along the specified axes. When axes is specified, any tuples used for sigma, order, mode and/or radius must match the length of axes. The ith entry in any of these tuples corresponds to the ith entry in axes.

gaussian_filterndarray

Returned array of same shape as input.

The multidimensional filter is implemented as a sequence of 1-D convolution filters. The intermediate arrays are stored in the same data type as the output. Therefore, for output types with a limited precision, the results may be imprecise because intermediate results may be stored with insufficient precision.

The Gaussian kernel will have size 2*radius + 1 along each axis. If radius is None, the default radius = round(truncate * sigma) will be used.

>>> from scipy.ndimage import gaussian_filter
>>> import numpy as np
>>> a = np.arange(50, step=2).reshape((5,5))
>>> a
array([[ 0,  2,  4,  6,  8],
       [10, 12, 14, 16, 18],
       [20, 22, 24, 26, 28],
       [30, 32, 34, 36, 38],
       [40, 42, 44, 46, 48]])
>>> gaussian_filter(a, sigma=1)
array([[ 4,  6,  8,  9, 11],
       [10, 12, 14, 15, 17],
       [20, 22, 24, 25, 27],
       [29, 31, 33, 34, 36],
       [35, 37, 39, 40, 42]])
>>> from scipy import datasets
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> fig = plt.figure()
>>> plt.gray()  # show the filtered result in grayscale
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(121)  # left side
>>> ax2 = fig.add_subplot(122)  # right side
>>> ascent = datasets.ascent()
>>> result = gaussian_filter(ascent, sigma=5)
>>> ax1.imshow(ascent)
>>> ax2.imshow(result)
>>> plt.show()
searchsorted(v, side='left', sorter=None)

Find indices where elements of v should be inserted in a to maintain order.

For full documentation, see numpy.searchsorted

numpy.searchsorted : equivalent function

set_fill_value(value=None)
setdefault(k[, d]) D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D
setfield(val, dtype, offset=0)

Put a value into a specified place in a field defined by a data-type.

Place val into a’s field defined by dtype and beginning offset bytes into the field.

valobject

Value to be placed in field.

dtypedtype object

Data-type of the field in which to place val.

offsetint, optional

The number of bytes into the field at which to place val.

None

getfield

>>> x = np.eye(3)
>>> x.getfield(np.float64)
array([[1.,  0.,  0.],
       [0.,  1.,  0.],
       [0.,  0.,  1.]])
>>> x.setfield(3, np.int32)
>>> x.getfield(np.int32)
array([[3, 3, 3],
       [3, 3, 3],
       [3, 3, 3]], dtype=int32)
>>> x
array([[1.0e+000, 1.5e-323, 1.5e-323],
       [1.5e-323, 1.0e+000, 1.5e-323],
       [1.5e-323, 1.5e-323, 1.0e+000]])
>>> x.setfield(np.eye(3), np.int32)
>>> x
array([[1.,  0.,  0.],
       [0.,  1.,  0.],
       [0.,  0.,  1.]])
setflags(write=None, align=None, uic=None)

Set array flags WRITEABLE, ALIGNED, WRITEBACKIFCOPY, respectively.

These Boolean-valued flags affect how numpy interprets the memory area used by a (see Notes below). The ALIGNED flag can only be set to True if the data is actually aligned according to the type. The WRITEBACKIFCOPY and flag can never be set to True. The flag WRITEABLE can only be set to True if the array owns its own memory, or the ultimate owner of the memory exposes a writeable buffer interface, or is a string. (The exception for string is made so that unpickling can be done without copying memory.)

writebool, optional

Describes whether or not a can be written to.

alignbool, optional

Describes whether or not a is aligned properly for its type.

uicbool, optional

Describes whether or not a is a copy of another “base” array.

Array flags provide information about how the memory area used for the array is to be interpreted. There are 7 Boolean flags in use, only four of which can be changed by the user: WRITEBACKIFCOPY, WRITEABLE, and ALIGNED.

WRITEABLE (W) the data area can be written to;

ALIGNED (A) the data and strides are aligned appropriately for the hardware (as determined by the compiler);

WRITEBACKIFCOPY (X) this array is a copy of some other array (referenced by .base). When the C-API function PyArray_ResolveWritebackIfCopy is called, the base array will be updated with the contents of this array.

All flags can be accessed using the single (upper case) letter as well as the full name.

>>> y = np.array([[3, 1, 7],
...               [2, 0, 0],
...               [8, 5, 9]])
>>> y
array([[3, 1, 7],
       [2, 0, 0],
       [8, 5, 9]])
>>> y.flags
  C_CONTIGUOUS : True
  F_CONTIGUOUS : False
  OWNDATA : True
  WRITEABLE : True
  ALIGNED : True
  WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
>>> y.setflags(write=0, align=0)
>>> y.flags
  C_CONTIGUOUS : True
  F_CONTIGUOUS : False
  OWNDATA : True
  WRITEABLE : False
  ALIGNED : False
  WRITEBACKIFCOPY : False
>>> y.setflags(uic=1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: cannot set WRITEBACKIFCOPY flag to True
sgolay2d(points=15, poly=1, derivative=None)

Implements a 2D Savitsky Golay Filter for a 2D array (e.g. image).

Parameters:

img (ImageArray or ImageFile) – image to be filtered

Keyword Arguments:
  • points (int) – The number of points in the window aperture. Must be an odd number. (default 15)

  • poly (int) – Degree of polynomial to use in the filter. (default 1)

  • derivative (str or None) –

    Type of defivative to calculate. Can be:

    None - smooth only (default) “x”,”y” - calculate dIntentity/dx or dIntensity/dy “both” - calculate the full derivative and return magnitud and angle.

ReturnsL
(imageArray or ImageFile):

filtered image.

Raises:

ValueError if points, order or derivative are incorrect.

Notes

Adapted from code on the scipy cookbook : https://scipy-cookbook.readthedocs.io/items/SavitzkyGolay.html

shrink_mask()

Reduce a mask to nomask when possible.

None

None

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2 ], [3, 4]], mask=[0]*4)
>>> x.mask
array([[False, False],
       [False, False]])
>>> x.shrink_mask()
masked_array(
  data=[[1, 2],
        [3, 4]],
  mask=False,
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.mask
False
sign_loss(dtypeobj)

Warn over loss of sign information when converting image.

soften_mask()

Force the mask to soft (default), allowing unmasking by assignment.

Whether the mask of a masked array is hard or soft is determined by its ~ma.MaskedArray.hardmask property. soften_mask sets ~ma.MaskedArray.hardmask to False (and returns the modified self).

ma.MaskedArray.hardmask ma.MaskedArray.harden_mask

sort(axis=- 1, kind=None, order=None, endwith=True, fill_value=None)

Sort the array, in-place

aarray_like

Array to be sorted.

axisint, optional

Axis along which to sort. If None, the array is flattened before sorting. The default is -1, which sorts along the last axis.

kind{‘quicksort’, ‘mergesort’, ‘heapsort’, ‘stable’}, optional

The sorting algorithm used.

orderlist, optional

When a is a structured array, this argument specifies which fields to compare first, second, and so on. This list does not need to include all of the fields.

endwith{True, False}, optional

Whether missing values (if any) should be treated as the largest values (True) or the smallest values (False) When the array contains unmasked values sorting at the same extremes of the datatype, the ordering of these values and the masked values is undefined.

fill_valuescalar or None, optional

Value used internally for the masked values. If fill_value is not None, it supersedes endwith.

sorted_arrayndarray

Array of the same type and shape as a.

numpy.ndarray.sort : Method to sort an array in-place. argsort : Indirect sort. lexsort : Indirect stable sort on multiple keys. searchsorted : Find elements in a sorted array.

See sort for notes on the different sorting algorithms.

>>> a = np.ma.array([1, 2, 5, 4, 3],mask=[0, 1, 0, 1, 0])
>>> # Default
>>> a.sort()
>>> a
masked_array(data=[1, 3, 5, --, --],
             mask=[False, False, False,  True,  True],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> a = np.ma.array([1, 2, 5, 4, 3],mask=[0, 1, 0, 1, 0])
>>> # Put missing values in the front
>>> a.sort(endwith=False)
>>> a
masked_array(data=[--, --, 1, 3, 5],
             mask=[ True,  True, False, False, False],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> a = np.ma.array([1, 2, 5, 4, 3],mask=[0, 1, 0, 1, 0])
>>> # fill_value takes over endwith
>>> a.sort(endwith=False, fill_value=3)
>>> a
masked_array(data=[1, --, --, 3, 5],
             mask=[False,  True,  True, False, False],
       fill_value=999999)
span()

Return the minimum and maximum values in the image.

squeeze(axis=None)

Remove axes of length one from a.

Refer to numpy.squeeze for full documentation.

numpy.squeeze : equivalent function

std(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=<no value>)

Returns the standard deviation of the array elements along given axis.

Masked entries are ignored.

Refer to numpy.std for full documentation.

numpy.ndarray.std : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.std : Equivalent function

subtract_image(background, contrast=16, clip=True, offset=0.5)

Subtract a background image from the ImageArray.

Multiply the contrast by the contrast parameter. If clip is on then clip the intensity after for the maximum allowed data range.

sum(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=<no value>)

Return the sum of the array elements over the given axis.

Masked elements are set to 0 internally.

Refer to numpy.sum for full documentation.

numpy.ndarray.sum : corresponding function for ndarrays numpy.sum : equivalent function

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1, --, 3],
        [--, 5, --],
        [7, --, 9]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.sum()
25
>>> x.sum(axis=1)
masked_array(data=[4, 5, 16],
             mask=[False, False, False],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> x.sum(axis=0)
masked_array(data=[8, 5, 12],
             mask=[False, False, False],
       fill_value=999999)
>>> print(type(x.sum(axis=0, dtype=np.int64)[0]))
<class 'numpy.int64'>
swapaxes(axis1, axis2)

Return a view of the array with axis1 and axis2 interchanged.

Refer to numpy.swapaxes for full documentation.

numpy.swapaxes : equivalent function

take(indices, axis=None, out=None, mode='raise')
threshold_minmax(threshmin=0.1, threshmax=0.9)

Return a boolean array which is thresholded between threshmin and threshmax.

(ie True if value is between threshmin and threshmax)

tobytes(fill_value=None, order='C')

Return the array data as a string containing the raw bytes in the array.

The array is filled with a fill value before the string conversion.

New in version 1.9.0.

fill_valuescalar, optional

Value used to fill in the masked values. Default is None, in which case MaskedArray.fill_value is used.

order{‘C’,’F’,’A’}, optional

Order of the data item in the copy. Default is ‘C’.

  • ‘C’ – C order (row major).

  • ‘F’ – Fortran order (column major).

  • ‘A’ – Any, current order of array.

  • None – Same as ‘A’.

numpy.ndarray.tobytes tolist, tofile

As for ndarray.tobytes, information about the shape, dtype, etc., but also about fill_value, will be lost.

>>> x = np.ma.array(np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]]), mask=[[0, 1], [1, 0]])
>>> x.tobytes()
b'\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00?B\x0f\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00?B\x0f\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00'
tofile(fid, sep='', format='%s')

Save a masked array to a file in binary format.

Warning

This function is not implemented yet.

NotImplementedError

When tofile is called.

toflex()

Transforms a masked array into a flexible-type array.

The flexible type array that is returned will have two fields:

  • the _data field stores the _data part of the array.

  • the _mask field stores the _mask part of the array.

None

recordndarray

A new flexible-type ndarray with two fields: the first element containing a value, the second element containing the corresponding mask boolean. The returned record shape matches self.shape.

A side-effect of transforming a masked array into a flexible ndarray is that meta information (fill_value, …) will be lost.

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1, --, 3],
        [--, 5, --],
        [7, --, 9]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.toflex()
array([[(1, False), (2,  True), (3, False)],
       [(4,  True), (5, False), (6,  True)],
       [(7, False), (8,  True), (9, False)]],
      dtype=[('_data', '<i8'), ('_mask', '?')])
tolist(fill_value=None)

Return the data portion of the masked array as a hierarchical Python list.

Data items are converted to the nearest compatible Python type. Masked values are converted to fill_value. If fill_value is None, the corresponding entries in the output list will be None.

fill_valuescalar, optional

The value to use for invalid entries. Default is None.

resultlist

The Python list representation of the masked array.

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x.tolist()
[[1, None, 3], [None, 5, None], [7, None, 9]]
>>> x.tolist(-999)
[[1, -999, 3], [-999, 5, -999], [7, -999, 9]]
torecords()

Transforms a masked array into a flexible-type array.

The flexible type array that is returned will have two fields:

  • the _data field stores the _data part of the array.

  • the _mask field stores the _mask part of the array.

None

recordndarray

A new flexible-type ndarray with two fields: the first element containing a value, the second element containing the corresponding mask boolean. The returned record shape matches self.shape.

A side-effect of transforming a masked array into a flexible ndarray is that meta information (fill_value, …) will be lost.

>>> x = np.ma.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9]], mask=[0] + [1,0]*4)
>>> x
masked_array(
  data=[[1, --, 3],
        [--, 5, --],
        [7, --, 9]],
  mask=[[False,  True, False],
        [ True, False,  True],
        [False,  True, False]],
  fill_value=999999)
>>> x.toflex()
array([[(1, False), (2,  True), (3, False)],
       [(4,  True), (5, False), (6,  True)],
       [(7, False), (8,  True), (9, False)]],
      dtype=[('_data', '<i8'), ('_mask', '?')])
tostring(fill_value=None, order='C')

A compatibility alias for tobytes, with exactly the same behavior.

Despite its name, it returns bytes not strs.

Deprecated since version 1.19.0.

trace(offset=0, axis1=0, axis2=1, dtype=None, out=None)

Return the sum along diagonals of the array.

Refer to numpy.trace for full documentation.

numpy.trace : equivalent function

translate(translation, add_metadata=False, order=3, mode='wrap', cval=None)

Translate the image.

Areas lost by move are cropped, and areas gained are made black (0) The area not lost or cropped is added as a metadata parameter ‘translation_limits’

Parameters:

translate (2-tuple) – translation (x,y)

Keyword Arguments:
  • add_metadata (bool) – Record the shift in the image metadata order (int): Interpolation order (default, 3, bi-cubic)

  • mode (str) – How to handle points outside the original image. See skimage.transform.warp(). Defaults to “wrap”

  • cval (float) – The value to fill with if mode is constant. If not specified or None, defaults to the mean pixcel value.

Returns:

im (ImageArray) – translated image

translate_limits(translation, reverse=False)

Find the limits of an image after a translation.

After using ImageArray.translate some areas will be black, this finds the max area that still has original pixels in

Parameters:

translation – 2-tuple the (x,y) translation applied to the image

Keyword Arguments:

reverse (bool) – whether to reverse the translation vector (default False, no)

Returns:

limits

4-tuple

(xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax) the maximum coordinates of the image with original information

transpose(*axes)

Returns a view of the array with axes transposed.

Refer to numpy.transpose for full documentation.

axes : None, tuple of ints, or n ints

  • None or no argument: reverses the order of the axes.

  • tuple of ints: i in the j-th place in the tuple means that the array’s i-th axis becomes the transposed array’s j-th axis.

  • n ints: same as an n-tuple of the same ints (this form is intended simply as a “convenience” alternative to the tuple form).

pndarray

View of the array with its axes suitably permuted.

transpose : Equivalent function. ndarray.T : Array property returning the array transposed. ndarray.reshape : Give a new shape to an array without changing its data.

>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> a
array([[1, 2],
       [3, 4]])
>>> a.transpose()
array([[1, 3],
       [2, 4]])
>>> a.transpose((1, 0))
array([[1, 3],
       [2, 4]])
>>> a.transpose(1, 0)
array([[1, 3],
       [2, 4]])
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> a
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
>>> a.transpose()
array([1, 2, 3, 4])
unshare_mask()

Copy the mask and set the sharedmask flag to False.

Whether the mask is shared between masked arrays can be seen from the sharedmask property. unshare_mask ensures the mask is not shared. A copy of the mask is only made if it was shared.

sharedmask

update([E, ]**F) None.  Update D from mapping/iterable E and F.

If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v In either case, this is followed by: for k, v in F.items(): D[k] = v

values() Any

Return the values of the metadata dictionary.

var(axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, ddof=0, keepdims=<no value>)

Compute the variance along the specified axis.

Returns the variance of the array elements, a measure of the spread of a distribution. The variance is computed for the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.

aarray_like

Array containing numbers whose variance is desired. If a is not an array, a conversion is attempted.

axisNone or int or tuple of ints, optional

Axis or axes along which the variance is computed. The default is to compute the variance of the flattened array.

New in version 1.7.0.

If this is a tuple of ints, a variance is performed over multiple axes, instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.

dtypedata-type, optional

Type to use in computing the variance. For arrays of integer type the default is float64; for arrays of float types it is the same as the array type.

outndarray, optional

Alternate output array in which to place the result. It must have the same shape as the expected output, but the type is cast if necessary.

ddofint, optional

“Delta Degrees of Freedom”: the divisor used in the calculation is N - ddof, where N represents the number of elements. By default ddof is zero.

keepdimsbool, optional

If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option, the result will broadcast correctly against the input array.

If the default value is passed, then keepdims will not be passed through to the var method of sub-classes of ndarray, however any non-default value will be. If the sub-class’ method does not implement keepdims any exceptions will be raised.

wherearray_like of bool, optional

Elements to include in the variance. See ~numpy.ufunc.reduce for details.

New in version 1.20.0.

variancendarray, see dtype parameter above

If out=None, returns a new array containing the variance; otherwise, a reference to the output array is returned.

std, mean, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar Output type determination

The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean, i.e., var = mean(x), where x = abs(a - a.mean())**2.

The mean is typically calculated as x.sum() / N, where N = len(x). If, however, ddof is specified, the divisor N - ddof is used instead. In standard statistical practice, ddof=1 provides an unbiased estimator of the variance of a hypothetical infinite population. ddof=0 provides a maximum likelihood estimate of the variance for normally distributed variables.

Note that for complex numbers, the absolute value is taken before squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.

For floating-point input, the variance is computed using the same precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can cause the results to be inaccurate, especially for float32 (see example below). Specifying a higher-accuracy accumulator using the dtype keyword can alleviate this issue.

>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.var(a)
1.25
>>> np.var(a, axis=0)
array([1.,  1.])
>>> np.var(a, axis=1)
array([0.25,  0.25])

In single precision, var() can be inaccurate:

>>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
>>> a[0, :] = 1.0
>>> a[1, :] = 0.1
>>> np.var(a)
0.20250003

Computing the variance in float64 is more accurate:

>>> np.var(a, dtype=np.float64)
0.20249999932944759 # may vary
>>> ((1-0.55)**2 + (0.1-0.55)**2)/2
0.2025

Specifying a where argument:

>>> a = np.array([[14, 8, 11, 10], [7, 9, 10, 11], [10, 15, 5, 10]])
>>> np.var(a)
6.833333333333333 # may vary
>>> np.var(a, where=[[True], [True], [False]])
4.0
view(dtype=None, type=None, fill_value=None)

Return a view of the MaskedArray data.

dtypedata-type or ndarray sub-class, optional

Data-type descriptor of the returned view, e.g., float32 or int16. The default, None, results in the view having the same data-type as a. As with ndarray.view, dtype can also be specified as an ndarray sub-class, which then specifies the type of the returned object (this is equivalent to setting the type parameter).

typePython type, optional

Type of the returned view, either ndarray or a subclass. The default None results in type preservation.

fill_valuescalar, optional

The value to use for invalid entries (None by default). If None, then this argument is inferred from the passed dtype, or in its absence the original array, as discussed in the notes below.

numpy.ndarray.view : Equivalent method on ndarray object.

a.view() is used two different ways:

a.view(some_dtype) or a.view(dtype=some_dtype) constructs a view of the array’s memory with a different data-type. This can cause a reinterpretation of the bytes of memory.

a.view(ndarray_subclass) or a.view(type=ndarray_subclass) just returns an instance of ndarray_subclass that looks at the same array (same shape, dtype, etc.) This does not cause a reinterpretation of the memory.

If fill_value is not specified, but dtype is specified (and is not an ndarray sub-class), the fill_value of the MaskedArray will be reset. If neither fill_value nor dtype are specified (or if dtype is an ndarray sub-class), then the fill value is preserved. Finally, if fill_value is specified, but dtype is not, the fill value is set to the specified value.

For a.view(some_dtype), if some_dtype has a different number of bytes per entry than the previous dtype (for example, converting a regular array to a structured array), then the behavior of the view cannot be predicted just from the superficial appearance of a (shown by print(a)). It also depends on exactly how a is stored in memory. Therefore if a is C-ordered versus fortran-ordered, versus defined as a slice or transpose, etc., the view may give different results.